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Herpetology Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What taxonomic rank are Tetrapods? | Superclass |
| What are the 3 orders of amphibians? | Gymnophiona, Anura, Caudata |
| Which family in Caudata consists of the largest salamanders in the world, has incomplete metamorphosis, heavily folded skin, and live as aquatic bottom-walkers in cold mountain streams? | Cryptobranchidae (The Giant Salamanders) |
| Which family in Caudata is found in Asia, is mostly terrestrial, and are small to moderate in size? | Hynobiidae (The Asian Salamanders) |
| Which family in Caudata is obligatorily neotenic, have no hindlimbs or pelvic girdle, and contain a genus with the only salamander known to eat plants? | Sirenidae (The Sirens) |
| Which family in Caudata is obligatorily neotenic, have all four limbs, lack external gills, can survive 3 years w/out food, and are found in the Southeast US? | Amphiumidae |
| Which family in Caudata is found in the Northwest US, occur in cold, well-shaded seepages and streams in old-growth coniferous forest, and have an extended larval period of 3-5 years? | Rhyacotritonidae (Torrent Salamanders) |
| Which family in Caudata is found in the Northwest US, exhibit facultative neoteny, and feed on invertebrates and invertebrates (including mice and snakes)? | Dicamptodontidae (Pacific Giant Salamanders) |
| Which family in Caudata is found in eastern North America, highly aquatic and neotenic with large gills and reduced eyes, have the largest genomes of any tetrapod, and are long lived (some up to 100+ years)? | Proteidae (Mudpuppies and Olms) |
| Which family in Caudata is very diverse, is the most toxic family, and has both aquatic species (large fins, smooth and slimy) as well as terrestrial species (rough skin, granular glands)? | Salamandridae ("True" Salamanders and Newts) |
| Which family in Caudata occurs in North America (half of the species found in Mexico), can have either facultative or obligatory neoteny, spend most of their lives underground, and has many brightly colored species? | Ambystomatidae (Mole Salamanders) |
| Which family in Caudata is lungless, likely originated in the Appalachian Mountains, and are direct developers? | Plethodontidae (Lungless Salamanders) |
| What are the three suborders of frogs? | Archaeobatrachia, Mesobatrachia, and Neobatrachia |
| What distinguishes Archaeobatrachia from the other two suborders of frogs? | Archaeobatrachia have "free" ribs that are not fused to the vertebrae |
| What distinguishes Mesobatrachia from Neobatrachia? | Mesobatrachia lack the adductor longus muscle, which helps Neobatrachia with better jumping. Neobatrachia also has two condyles (articulation points) to keep the body rigid during takeoff |
| Which family in Archaeobatrachia are the only frogs with internal fertilization via a copulatory male organ, have tadpoles that can take 3-7 years to develop, and no shock-absorbing pectoral girdle (belly flop jumps)? | Ascaphidae |
| Which family in Archaeobatrachia are the only native frogs in New Zealand, use inguinal amplexus to internally fertilize, carry young on their backs, and have inscriptional ribs? | Leoipelmatidae |
| Which family in Archaeobatrachia dig burrows with forelimbs, wrap clutches of eggs around their hindlimbs, and are found in Western Europe and Mediterranean North Africa? | Alytidae |
| Which family in Archaeobatrachia is toxic with aposematic coloration, has a species with the only frogs to vocalize upon inhalation, and are found from Europe to eastern Asia? | Bombinatoridae |
| Which family in Mesobatrachia is found in Central America, eats ants and termites with a slender tongue protruded though a narrow, closed mouth, and has a pectoral girdle which overlaps the skull? | Rhinophrynidae |
| Which family in Mesobatrachia is found in South America and sub-Saharan Africa, is aquatic with dorsoventrally flattened bodies and webbed hind feet, have paedomorphic characters, and lack vocal cords but can click underwater? | Pipidae |
| Which family in Mesobatrachia is found in North America, inhabits deserts and grasslands, has a keratinized protrusion on hind feet for burrowing, and is fossorial? | Scaphiopodidae |
| Which family in Mesobatrachia is found in North America, live as leaf-litter frogs in tropical forests, contains genera with fossorial tadpoles, and has many tadpole with funnel-shaped mouthparts for water surface film feeding? | Megophryidae |
| Which family in Neobatrachia is found in South America, are 'sit and wait' predators, has some genera with carnivorous tadpoles, and has a squat body with a large head? | Ceratophryidae |
| Which family in Neobatrachia is found on every continent except Antarctica, are mostly tree frogs, and have aquatic tadpoles? | Hylidae |
| Which family in Neobatrachia is found in tropical rainforests in Central and South America, has brightly colored, toxic species, and is diurnal? | Dendrobatidae |
| Which family in Neobatrachia is found native on every continent except Antarctica and Australia, is toothless and usually has thick warty skin and parotoid glands, and has skin ossified to the skull? | Bufonidae |
| Which family in Neobatrachia is found in India, was discovered in 2003, is fossorial, and has a snout protrusion that facilitates breaking into termite mounds with a long tongue? | Nasikabatrachidae |
| Which family in Neobatrachia is found in tropical and subtropical regions across the world, has stout legs and globose bodies, and are ecologically diverse? | Microhylidae |
| Which family in Neobatrachia is found in sub-Saharan Africa, known as 'rain frogs', inflates body when disturbed, has direct development, and burrow backwards? | Breviceptidae |
| Which family in Neobatrachia is found in Madagascar and offshore islands, small with arboreal or terrestrial frogs, has toxic skin secretions, and can be cryptic or brightly colored? | Mantellidae |
| Which family in Neobatrachia is restricted to the "old world" and has enlarged toe pads (some species have webbing that act as parachutes)? | Rhacophoridae |
| Which family in Neobatrachia is found on every continent except Antarctica, has very good jumpers and typical pond breeders? | Ranidae |
| Which family in Gymnophiona has a flexible zygokrotaphic skull (where the temporal region isn't completely closed), and a true tail with caudal vertebrae? | Rhinatrematidae |
| Which superfamily in Gymnophiona has a less flexible stegokrotaphic skull (where the temporal region is closed) and no true tail or caudal vertebrae? | Neocaecilia |
| About how many species of amphibians are known currently? | ~9,000 |
| About how many species of frogs are known currently? | ~8,000 |
| About how many species of salamanders are known currently? | ~830 |
| About how many species of caecilians are known currently? | ~230 |
| Name the general amphibian characteristics listed in lecture. | Pedicellate teeth (ancestral, lost in some lineages); Opercular apparatus in middle ear; Two occipital condyles connecting skull to vertebral column for nodding/tilting; Metamorphosis (ancestral, lost in many lineages) |
| Name two types of glands an amphibian might have, and their functions. | Granular glands, which contain poison. Mucous glands, which are the most abundant skin gland and keep them moist. |
| Which type of chromatophore (skin cells with pigments) appear blue (reflecting, not a true pigment) and block absorption of radiation and water loss? | Iridophores |
| Describe the morphological differences between salamander larvae in slow water vs fast water. | Slow water have large bushy gills, prominent tail fins, and are laterally compressed. Fast water have smaller gills and fins, calloused toes for gripping |
| Describe tongue projection in Plethodontids, and key adaptations that allowed it to evolve. | Their tongue proctractor muscles encircle tongue skeleton, and tongue retractor muscles attach on pelvis. Key adaptations: loss of lungs freed glossal skeleton, and direct development made it easier to develop (no need to create during metamorphosis) |
| Describe anuran sexual selection in explosive breeding vs. in prolonged breeding. | In explosive breeding, females are available briefly, so it's a scramble competition between males. In prolonged breeding, sexual selection comes from female choice, deciding between territorial males who station themselves in prime locations and call out |
| Name the morphological adaptations for jumping in frogs. | Trunk stiffening, reduction in body mass, modification of rear limbs, and evolution of shock-absorbing pectoral girdle in advanced frogs. |
| Name the three main types of amplexus mentioned in class. | Axillary (male grabs around armpits), Inguinal (grabs around waist), and Cephalic (around neck) |
| Describe the mouthparts of a tadpole. | Upper and lower labial tooth rows, and upper and lower jaw sheaths for eating. Marginal and submarginal papillae for chemosensory and tactile purposes. |
| Which groups of amphibians have internal fertilization? | Salamanders and caecilians |
| What class of lever do caecilians have in their jaws? | First class |
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clownestate
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