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AP Bio Exam: Unit 8
AP Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe a behavioral response of an organism related to a change in its internal environment. | An animal seeks water when dehydrated to restore homeostasis. |
| Describe a behavioral response of an organism related to a change in its external environment. | An animal migrates to a warmer climate as winter approaches. |
| Describe a physiological response of an organism related to a change in its internal environment. | Increased sweating to lower body temperature during exercise. |
| Describe a physiological response of an organism related to a change in its external environment. | Vasoconstriction in extremities to conserve heat in cold weather. |
| Identify two behavioral changes in an organism due to an internal cue. | Seeking food when hungry; seeking shade when overheated. |
| Identify two behavioral changes in an organism due to an external cue. | Hiding from a predator; foraging during daylight. |
| How does an organism’s responses to internal changes or external cues change their behavior? | Responses alter behavior to maintain homeostasis or increase survival. |
| What is differential reproductive success? | Individuals with advantageous traits produce more offspring than others. |
| How does communication result in differential reproductive success? | Effective signals attract mates and deter rivals, increasing reproductive success. |
| What are the five types of signals individuals use to communicate with others? | Visual, auditory, chemical, tactile, and electrical signals. |
| Describe the environment where each type is favorable. | Visual: light; Auditory: air/water; Chemical: air/water/ground; Tactile: contact; Electrical: water. |
| What is the function of animal communication? | To facilitate mating, warn of danger, defend territory, or maintain social bonds. |
| What is an innate behavior? | Behavior genetically hardwired and present from birth. |
| What is a learned behavior? | Behavior acquired through experience or observation. |
| What type of behaviors does natural selection favor? | Behaviors that increase survival and reproductive fitness. |
| What is cooperative behavior? | Individuals working together to benefit the group. |
| How does cooperative behavior increase the fitness of an individual and the survival of the population? | It enhances resource acquisition, defense, and care for offspring. |
| What is altruism? | Behavior that reduces an individual's fitness to benefit others. |
| How does altruism increase the population’s reproductive fitness? | It helps relatives survive, preserving shared genes. |
| What is an endotherm? | Organism that maintains a constant internal body temperature through metabolic heat. |
| How do endotherms regulate their body temperature? | By generating internal heat and using insulation/evaporative cooling. |
| What is an ectotherm? | Organism that relies on external environmental heat to regulate body temperature. |
| How do ectotherms regulate their body temperature? | By basking in sun or seeking shade to adjust body temp. |
| Which organism requires more food consumption in a cooler environment? Endotherm or Ectotherm? | Endotherm; they must consume more food to generate metabolic heat. |
| How would temperature affect oxygen consumption in an endotherm? | Oxygen consumption increases in cold environments to support heat production. |
| What does a net gain in energy result in for an organism? | Growth, energy storage, or reproduction. |
| Describe how organisms store energy. | As fat, glycogen, or other complex molecules. |
| What does a net loss in energy result in for an organism? | Weight loss, reduced activity, or death. |
| Contrast reproductive strategies of organisms in an environment with high vs low available energy. | High energy: fewer offspring, more parental care; Low energy: many offspring, less care. |
| Describe two different organisms and their reproductive strategies in a low energy available environment. | Weeds produce many seeds; r-strategists like insects produce many offspring. |
| How does an organism alternate between asexual and sexual reproduction? | Some species switch modes based on environmental conditions. |
| Describe what would cause an organism to alternate from sexual to asexual reproduction. | Stable, favorable conditions favor asexual reproduction for rapid growth. |
| Describe what would cause an organism to alternate from asexual to sexual reproduction. | Stressful or changing conditions favor sexual reproduction for genetic diversity. |
| What are the ecological levels of organization? | Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere. |
| Describe the hierarchy of the ecological levels of organization. | Levels increase in complexity from individual organisms to the entire biosphere. |
| How do the ecological levels of organization interact? | Energy flows and matter cycles between levels; interactions affect survival. |
| Describe the path of energy through an ecosystem. | Energy enters via producers, passes through consumers, and is lost as heat. |
| How do matter move between the environment and organisms? | Matter cycles through biotic and abiotic components via biogeochemical cycles. |
| How do nutrients move between the environment and organisms? | Nutrients are absorbed by producers, passed to consumers, and returned by decomposers. |
| What does a biogeochemical cycle demonstrate? | The movement of elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through the environment. |
| TRUE or FALSE: The biogeochemical cycles are not dependent. | False; cycles are interconnected and rely on each other. |
| Identify FOUR abiotic reservoirs (aka identify ONE in each of the FOUR biogeochemical cycles) | Atmosphere (Carbon), Rocks (Phosphorus), Oceans (Water), Atmosphere (Nitrogen). |
| Identify FOUR biotic reservoirs (aka identify ONE in each of the FOUR biogeochemical cycles) | Plants (Carbon), Animals (Phosphorus), Living organisms (Water), Bacteria (Nitrogen). |
| Describe how materials move between abiotic and biotic reservoir. | Processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition transfer materials. |
| Diagram the hydrologic (water) cycle including the following components: reservoirs (oceans, surface water, the atmosphere, and living organisms) AND processes (evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and transpiration). | [Diagram: Oceans -> Evaporation -> Atmosphere -> Precipitation -> Surface Water/Living Organisms -> Transpiration/Runoff -> Oceans |
| What is evaporation? | Process where liquid water turns into vapor and enters the atmosphere. |
| How does evaporation allow water movement in the hydrologic cycle? | It moves water from surface reservoirs to the atmosphere. |
| What is condensation? | Process where water vapor cools to form liquid droplets in clouds. |
| How does condensation allow water movement in the hydrologic cycle? | It prepares water for precipitation by forming clouds. |
| What is precipitation? | Water falling from the atmosphere to the surface as rain, snow, etc. |
| How does precipitation allow water movement in the hydrologic cycle? | It returns water from the atmosphere to land and oceans. |
| What is transpiration? | Release of water vapor from plants into the atmosphere. |
| How does transpiration allow water movement in the hydrologic cycle? | It moves water from the soil/organisms into the atmosphere. |
| Identify FOUR reservoirs for water storage in the hydrologic cycle. | Oceans, glaciers, groundwater, and lakes. |
| Diagram the carbon cycle including the following components reservoirs (organisms, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide and the atmosphere) AND processes (photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition, and combustion). | [Diagram: Atmosphere (CO2) -> Photosynthesis -> Organisms/Carbohydrates -> Respiration/Decomposition/Combustion -> Atmosphere (CO2) |
| What is photosynthesis? | Process where plants convert CO2 and water into glucose using sunlight. |
| How does photosynthesis allow carbon movement in the carbon cycle? | It moves carbon from atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules. |
| What is cellular respiration? | Process where organisms break down glucose to release energy, producing CO2. |
| How does cellular respiration allow carbon movement in the carbon cycle? | It returns carbon from organic molecules to the atmosphere as CO2. |
| What is decomposition? | Breakdown of dead organic matter by decomposers. |
| How does decomposition allow carbon movement in the carbon cycle? | It recycles carbon from dead organisms back into the soil/air. |
| What is combustion? | Burning of fossil fuels or biomass, releasing CO2. |
| How does combustion allow carbon movement in the carbon cycle? | It releases stored carbon from fossil fuels into the atmosphere. |
| Identify TWO reservoirs for carbon storage in the carbon cycle. | Fossil fuels and living biomass. |
| Which macromolecules include carbon? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| Diagram the nitrogen cycle including the following components: reservoirs (atmosphere, nitrogen gas, ammonia, ammonium, and microorganisms) AND processes (nitrogen fixation, assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification). | [Diagram: Atmosphere (N2) -> Nitrogen Fixation -> Ammonia/Ammonium -> Nitrification -> Nitrates -> Assimilation -> Organisms -> Ammonification -> Ammonia -> Denitrification -> N2 |
| What is nitrogen fixation? | Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia by bacteria. |
| How does nitrogen fixation allow nitrogen movement in the nitrogen cycle? | It makes atmospheric nitrogen available to living organisms. |
| What is assimilation? | Uptake of nitrogen compounds (ammonium/nitrates) by plants and animals. |
| How does assimilation allow nitrogen movement in the nitrogen cycle? | It incorporates nitrogen into biological molecules like proteins. |
| What is ammonification? | Conversion of organic nitrogen waste into ammonia by decomposers. |
| How does ammonification allow nitrogen movement in the nitrogen cycle? | It recycles nitrogen from dead organisms back into the soil. |
| What is nitrification? | Conversion of ammonia to nitrites and then nitrates by bacteria. |
| How does nitrification allow nitrogen movement in the nitrogen cycle? | It converts ammonia into a form usable by plants. |
| What is denitrification? | Conversion of nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen gas. |
| How does denitrification allow nitrogen movement in the nitrogen cycle? | It returns nitrogen to the atmosphere, completing the cycle. |
| Identify the pathway of nitrogen containing molecules in nitrogen fixation. | N2 (atmosphere) -> Ammonia (NH3) -> Ammonium (NH4+) -> Nitrites (NO2-) -> Nitrates (NO3-). |
| Which macromolecules include nitrogen? | Proteins and nucleic acids. |
| Diagram the phosphorus cycle including the following components: reservoirs (rocks, phosphate, soil, groundwater, animals) AND process (weathering, heterotrophy, decomposition, and excretion). | [Diagram: Rocks -> Weathering -> Phosphate/Soil/Groundwater -> Producers -> Consumers -> Decomposition/Excretion -> Soil/Groundwater |
| What is weathering? | Breakdown of rocks releasing phosphate into the soil. |
| How does weathering allow phosphorus movement in the phosphorus cycle? | It moves phosphorus from rocks into the soil/water. |
| Describe how biological molecules with phosphorus are transferred from producers to animals. | Consumers eat plants to obtain phosphorus in organic molecules. |
| What is decomposition? | Breakdown of organic matter, releasing phosphorus back into the soil. |
| How does decomposition allow phosphorus movement in the phosphorus cycle? | It recycles phosphorus from dead organisms back to the environment. |
| What is excretion? | Release of waste containing phosphorus by animals. |
| How does excretion allow phosphorus movement in the phosphorus cycle? | It returns phosphorus from organisms to the soil/water. |
| Which macromolecules include phosphorus? | Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) and ATP. |
| Describe the function of energy in an organism. | Energy powers metabolism, growth, reproduction, and maintenance. |
| How does a change in energy available affect population size? | More energy supports larger populations; less energy limits growth. |
| What is an autotroph? | Organism that produces its own food using light or inorganic chemicals. |
| What is the function of an autotroph in capturing energy? | They convert energy from the sun or chemicals into organic matter. |
| How do photosynthetic organisms capture energy? | They use sunlight to convert CO2 and water into glucose. |
| Identify one example of a photosynthetic organism. | Plants, algae, or cyanobacteria. |
| How do chemosynthetic organisms capture energy? | They oxidize inorganic molecules like hydrogen sulfide to produce energy. |
| Identify one example of a chemosynthetic organism. | Chemosynthetic bacteria found in deep-sea vents. |
| True or False: Oxygen is required for the photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organism to capture energy. | False; chemosynthesis does not require oxygen or light. |
| What is a heterotroph? | Organism that consumes other organisms for energy. |
| Identify which levels of the trophic structure include heterotrophs. | Primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers. |
| What macromolecules can a heterotroph use for sources of energy? | Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. |
| Describe where heterotrophs obtain their energy. | By consuming plants or other animals. |
| What makes up a population? | A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. |
| How do populations interact with one another? | Through competition, predation, and symbiosis. |
| How do populations interact with the environment? | They depend on resources and are affected by abiotic factors. |
| Identify two adaptations for obtaining energy and matter in the environment. | Specialized teeth for eating; roots for absorbing water. |
| Identify two adaptations for using energy and matter in the environment. | Efficient metabolism; hibernation to conserve energy. |
| Identify three factors that population growth dynamics depend on. | Birth rate, death rate, and migration. |
| What is population growth? | Change in the number of individuals in a population over time. |
| How do you solve for B? | B = Number of births. |
| How do you solve for D? | D = Number of deaths. |
| If a population has 300 individuals, then 20 new individuals are born and 40 individuals die. What is the population growth of this population? | Solve for B: 20. Solve for D: 40. Solve for dN/dt: 20 - 40 = -20 (decline). |
| What is exponential growth? | Rapid, unrestricted population increase under ideal conditions. |
| What allows for a population to undergo exponential growth? | Abundant resources and lack of limiting factors. |
| How do you solve for r? | r = (Births - Deaths) / Initial Population. |
| If a population has 300 individuals, then 40 new individuals are born and 20 individuals die. What is the population size after 3 generations? | Solve for r: (40-20)/300 = 0.067. Solve for dN/dt: 300 * 0.067 = 20. New size = 320. |
| What is density? | Number of individuals per unit area or volume. |
| What is carrying capacity? | Maximum population size an environment can sustain. |
| What happens to resource availability as the population size increases? | Resources become scarce due to increased competition. |
| What happens to resource availability as the population size decreases? | Resources become more abundant. |
| As resource availability increases, what happens to the population size? | Population size increases until it reaches carrying capacity. |
| As resource availability decreases, what happens to the population size? | Population size decreases due to starvation or emigration. |
| What are density-dependent factors? | Factors whose effect increases with population density. |
| Identify three density-dependent factors. | Competition, disease, and predation. |
| How do density-dependent factors affect a population’s growth? | They regulate population growth by increasing mortality or decreasing birth rates. |
| What are density-independent factors? | Factors that affect population regardless of density. |
| Identify three density-independent factors. | Natural disasters, climate, and pollution. |
| How do density-independent factors affect a population’s growth? | They can cause sudden population declines or changes. |
| If a population has 300 individuals and the environment can support 400 individuals, then 50 new individuals are born and 10 individuals die. What is the logistic growth rate of this population? | Growth rate = rN * (1 - N/K). Assuming r=0.13, rate = 0.13300(1-300/400) = 9.75. |
| What happens to the growth rate as the population size approaches the carrying capacity? | Growth rate slows down and eventually stops. |
| How is the structure of a community measured? | By species composition and diversity. |
| What is a species? | A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
| What is species composition? | The identity and abundance of species in a community. |
| What is species diversity? | The number of different species and their relative abundance. |
| Identify two properties of a diverse population. | High species richness and evenness. |
| Calculate the Simpson’s Index of a sample from the woods: Species: Number (n) --> Woodrush:2; Holly(seedlings):8; Bramble:1; Yorkshire Fog:1; Sedge:3 | D = 1 - (sum(n(n-1))/N(N-1)). N=15. D = 1 - (2+56+0+0+6)/(210) = 1 - 64/210 = 0.70. |
| What is a community? | Different species interacting in a shared environment. |
| Describe two ways populations interact within a community. | Competition for resources and predator-prey relationships. |
| How do interactions among populations affect their ability to access energy and matter within a community? | Interactions determine resource allocation and energy flow. |
| What are positive interactions between populations? | Mutualism and commensalism. |
| What are negative interactions between populations? | Competition, predation, and parasitism. |
| What is a predator/prey interaction? | One organism (predator) kills and eats another (prey). |
| What is cooperation? | Individuals working together for mutual benefit. |
| What are trophic cascades? | Changes in top predator levels affecting lower trophic levels. |
| What is niche partitioning? | Species using different resources to reduce competition. |
| Identify the following as positive or negative interactions? Justify. Predation/prey interactions. | Negative; one organism benefits while the other is harmed. |
| Identify the following as positive or negative interactions? Justify. Cooperation. | Positive; both individuals benefit. |
| Identify the following as positive or negative interactions? Justify. Trophic cascades. | Can be positive or negative depending on the trophic level affected. |
| Identify the following as positive or negative interactions? Justify. Niche partitioning. | Positive; reduces competition, allowing coexistence. |
| What is competition? | Interaction where organisms vie for limited resources. |
| How does competition drive population dynamics? | It limits population growth and can lead to niche differentiation. |
| What is predation? | Interaction where one organism kills and eats another. |
| How does predation drive population dynamics? | It controls prey populations and can drive evolutionary adaptations. |
| Identify the three types of symbiosis. | Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. |
| What is parasitism. | Relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other. |
| How does parasitism drive population dynamics? | It can reduce host fitness and regulate population sizes. |
| What is mutualism. | Relationship where both organisms benefit. |
| How does mutualism drive population dynamics? | It enhances survival and reproduction for both species. |
| What is commensalism. | Relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. |
| How does commensalism drive population dynamics? | It has minimal impact on the unaffected population. |
| In terms of component parts and diversity, what type of ecosystem is more resilient to changes in the environment? | Ecosystems with higher species diversity and complex food webs are more resilient. |
| What are keystone species? | Species whose impact on community structure is disproportionately large relative to abundance. |
| How do keystone species maintain diversity in an ecosystem? | They control populations of dominant competitors or predators, preventing exclusion of other species. |
| What are producers? | Autotrophic organisms (plants, algae) that convert light or chemical energy into organic matter. |
| How do producers maintain diversity in an ecosystem? | They form the energy base, supporting multiple trophic levels and complex interactions. |
| What are abiotic factors? | Non-living chemical and physical components like temperature, water, and soil nutrients. |
| What abiotic factors are essential in maintaining the diversity in an ecosystem? | Water availability, temperature range, and nutrient levels determine which species can survive. |
| What are biotic factors? | Living components of an ecosystem, including all interacting organisms. |
| What biotic factors are essential in maintaining the diversity in an ecosystem? | Predators, prey, competitors, and symbionts drive coevolution and niche partitioning. |
| How does the diversity of a species within an ecosystem influence the organization of the ecosystem? | Higher diversity increases complexity and stability of food webs and resource partitioning. |
| Identify an example of an addition to an ecosystem and its effect on short-term structure. | Introduction of a new predator may cause immediate prey population decline. |
| Identify an example of an addition to an ecosystem and its effect on long-term structure. | Invasive species can outcompete natives, permanently altering community composition. |
| Identify an example of a removal from an ecosystem and its effect on short-term structure. | Removal of a producer causes an immediate crash in primary consumer populations. |
| Identify an example of a removal from an ecosystem and its effect on long-term structure. | Loss of a keystone species leads to long-term reduction in diversity and structural collapse. |
| Identify a keystone species. | Sea otter. |
| What would occur if this keystone species was removed from the ecosystem? | Sea urchin populations would explode, overgrazing kelp forests and destroying habitat. |
| Describe a specific example of a keystone species in an ecosystem and the effects on the ecosystem when it is removed. | Wolves in Yellowstone regulate elk populations; their removal led to overgrazing and riverbank erosion. |
| What is an adaptation? | Heritable trait that enhances survival and reproduction in a specific environment. |
| How do adaptations get introduced? | Random mutations in DNA create new genetic variations. |
| How are adaptations selected for in a population? | Natural selection favors traits that confer higher fitness in current environmental conditions. |
| What is heterozygote advantage? | Heterozygous genotype has higher fitness than either homozygous genotype. |
| How does heterozygote advantage yield a higher fitness than the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotypes? | Heterozygotes are resistant to multiple diseases or environmental extremes, unlike homozygotes. |
| Provide an example of heterozygote advantage. | Sickle cell trait provides malaria resistance while avoiding severe anemia. |
| What is a mutation? | Change in DNA sequence creating new genetic variation. |
| Where do mutations come from? | Errors during DNA replication or damage from mutagens like radiation/chemicals. |
| TRUE or FALSE: The use of an insecticide causes mutations in the insect leading to resistance of the insecticide. | False; insecticides select for pre-existing resistant mutations rather than causing them. |
| What is an invasive species? | Non-native organism that spreads rapidly and causes ecological or economic harm. |
| How are invasive species able to exploit an area? | They lack natural predators, reproduce quickly, and outcompete natives for resources. |
| What does the population growth rate curve look like? | Exponential (J-shaped) growth curve due to abundant resources. |
| How do invasive species affect ecosystem dynamics? | They displace natives, reduce biodiversity, and alter nutrient cycling and habitat structure. |
| What is a local ecosystem? | Specific interacting community in a defined geographic area. |
| What is a global ecosystem? | The biosphere; sum of all ecosystems interacting on Earth. |
| How does the distribution of an ecosystem change over time? | Shifts due to climate change, geological events, and species migration. |
| What is biomagnification? | Increasing concentration of toxins in tissues at higher trophic levels. |
| How does biomagnification impact an ecosystem? | Top predators accumulate lethal doses, causing population decline and reproductive failure. |
| What is eutrophication? | Excess nutrients (nitrogen/phosphorus) stimulate algal blooms and oxygen depletion. |
| How does eutrophication impact an ecosystem? | Algal blooms block light and decomposition depletes oxygen, creating dead zones. |
| Describe how human impact affects an ecosystem. | Pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change alter stability and reduce biodiversity. |
| How do geological events affect habitat change and ecosystem distribution? | Events like volcanoes or glaciation create barriers or new habitats, forcing migration or extinction. |
| What is biogeography? | Study of species distribution and geographic patterns in nature. |
| How did the habitats and ecosystems change when Pangaea split apart? | Continental drift isolated populations, leading to allopatric speciation and distinct regional biotas. |
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