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biochem chp 14
Stack #46752
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the three main purposes of energy input | mechanical work, active transport, and synthesis of molecules. |
| catabolic reactions | reactions that transform fuels into cellular energy |
| anabolic reactions | reactions that require an input of energy |
| metabolism | a linked series of reactions that begins with a particular molecule and converts it into some other molecule |
| amphibolic pathways | reaction pathways that can be either anabolic or catabolic |
| delta g for the formation of products | delta g naut prime + RT times the natural log of the concentrations of the products over the concntration of the reactants. |
| describe the structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | a furan ring with an adenine at position 2 hydroxl groups at positions 3 and 4 and alpha beta and gama phosphoryl groups attaceed to position 5 each phosphoral group has a negative charge the gama has a negative charge of 2 |
| descrine the structure of adp | furan ring with an adenine at position 2 hydroxyl groups at positions 3 and 4 and 2 phosphorl groups at position 5 |
| describe the structure of amp | furan ring with adenine at position 2 hydroxyl gropus at positions 3 and 4 and one phosphoryl group at position 5 |
| describe the structure of adenine | start with analine replace the carbons at positions 2 and 4 with nitrogen add bug eyes |
| how does atp hydrolysis drive metabolism | by shifting the equilibrium of coupled reactions |
| what is k eq | the equilburim constant it is the concentration of products divided by the concentration of reatants at equilibrium |
| what does it mean when k eq is equal to 1.2x10^-3 | the reaction will move come to a halt when the ratio of reactants to products is equal to or greater than 1.2x10^-3 |
| what is the relationship between the equilibrium constant and delta g naut prime | equilibrium constant is equal to 10^-delta g/1.36 |
| what is the factor by which atp can raise the equilibrium ratio of product to reactant | 10^8 |
| define phosphoryl group tranfer potential | the tendency of a phosphoryl group carrier to give up its therminal phosphoryl group |
| why does atp have a greater transfer potential than adp | adp has greater resonance stability at ph 7 atp carries 4 negative charges which repel one another due to their close proximity and adp can be stabilized by water because it can bind more effectivly to adp |
| describe the structure of glycerol 3-phosphate | 3 carbon chain with hydroxyl groups on carbons 1 and 2 and a phospate group on carbon 3 |
| describe the structure of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) | phosphate attached to a headless cheerleader at the butt |
| describe the structure of a phosphate group | p attached to 4 o |
| describe the structure of creatine phospate | |
| describe the structure of 1,3-bisphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) | three carbon chain with phospahte groups attached to carbons 1 and 3 and a hydroxyl group attached to carbon 2 carbon 1 additionaly has a double bonded o |
| serves as a reservior of high potential phosphoryl groups that can be readily transrered to adp to form atp | creatine phospate |
| describe the structure of glucose | 6 member ring with o as position 1 with hydroxyl groups at position 2 3 4 and 5 all in a down position except 4 and a methoxy group up at position 6 |
| describe the structure of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) | 3 carbon chain with an aldehyde as position 1 a hydrxyl group at position 2 and a phosphate attached to position 3 |
| how is energy released from fuels such as GAP | oxidation one carbon at a time the c1 carbon of GAP is not in its most oxidized state as it is converted from an aldehyde to an acid energy is released |
| describe the structure of 3-phosphoglyceric acid | three carbon chain with a carboylic acid group as postion 1 a hydroxyl group attached to position 2 and a phosphate gropu attached to carbon 3 |
| describe the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (GAP) | carbon 1 is oxidized to anacyl phosphate to form 1,3-bisphoglycerate the electrons released are picked up by nad+ which become nadh |
| what are the three stages in the generation of energy from food | in the first stage large molecules are broken down (usualy hydrolyzed) into smaller units. in the second stage the many smaller units are degraded to form a few simple units. in the third stage atp is produced from the complete oxidation of the fuel |
| what is the role of nad | electron carrier in the oxidation of a substrate the niconinamide ring of nad+ accepts a hydrogen ion and two electons. |
| what is the purpose of nadph and what is the diffrence between nadh and nadph | electon donor in reduction reactions in nadph the 2 position hydroxyl group is esterfied to a phosphate nadph is used ofr reductive biosynthsis and nadh is used fro the generation of atp |
| describe the structure of coenzyme a | R-C-S-CoA chain with a double bonded o on cthiol ester with Coa attached to s |
| what is the purpose of coenzyme a | its an activated carrier of acyl fragments it has a high transfer potential because resonance structres are not possible with s |
| how are metabolic processes regulated | metabolism is regulated by controlling the amounts of enzymes their catalytic activities and the assesability of substrates. |
| tho is the amount of enzyme present adjusted | by changing the rate of transcription of the genes encoding them. |
| how is the catalytic activity of enzymes controled | reversable allosteric control ie feedback inhibition, reversible covalent modification ie the addition of a phosphorly group |
| what purpose do hormones serve in metabolism | hormones coordinate metabolic relations between diffrent tissues by regulating the reversible modification of enzymes. |
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