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Evolutionary
Evolutionary human evolution
| arboreal species | species that live in trees |
| grasping vs opposable thumb | chimunk vs monkey |
| brachiation | rotation at the joint |
| common primate characteristics | brachiation, clavical to sternum, clinching fists, stereopsis |
| what time period do primates first appear | 63 mya, Creaceous-Cenozoic, boundary predator or fruit eater |
| Primates descend from the line of ______ _________ | placental mammals |
| Protungulatum donna 66 mya ________ common ancestor of placentals, but mammalian diversification had started before extinction | putative (supposed) |
| Mammal line appeared dring the ________ from the ________ therapsid line | triassic; reptilian |
| What was the first putative mammal (probably monotreme)? | Adelobasileus |
| Mammals include (3) __________ ____________ _______________ | monotremes, marsupials, placentals |
| Primitive diversification occured when? | 66-40 mya |
| What are prosimians | Tarsiers, lemurs, and mouse lemurs |
| Prosimians split from anthropods at _______ mya | 40 |
| When did anthropods make it to South American? How? | 35-40 mya; Rafting |
| New world monkeys versus old world moneys | Old world nostrils close and open towards the front of face New world monkeys has flat bridged nose |
| When did Hominoids (tailless apes) spit from catarrhines? | About 25 mya in Africa |
| What is the difference between the catarrhines and hominoids? | Teeth differences and arm movement brachiation |
| How fast can gibbons travel? | 35 mph |
| Hominin turned into what? | Hominid |
| When did hominid split from hominoids? | 6-7 mya confusing classification |
| What is another name for hominid/hominoid line? | The human line |
| Earliest human is the? | Orrorin or Sahelanthropus |
| What was interesting about the sehelanthropus skull? | Has a foramen magnum hole at the base of the skull similar to human, rather than like a quadroped |
| Present classification of humans? | Hominidae-> homininae -> hominini -> homo |
| Sahelanthropus skeleton features? | chimp-like brain case, small canine teeth, flat face, bipedal? |
| Paranthropus group split from australopithecines sometimes kept in genus Astralopithecus: what was their thought height and weight? | 3'9" 119 lbs |
| Pelvis comparison for bipedalism; what other comparisons can be made? | Jaw and teeth, foot bones and knuckles versus palm walkers |
| Hominin features: (8) | brachiation of arms and hips; long arms compared to length of trunk, collar bone strong and connected to scapula; grasping hands with a thumb, bipedal locomotion is obligate efficient; high center of gravity; large brain; reduced body hair |
| Taung child | found 1924 Died 3-4 yo Brain case yields facismile made into monkey cgi face |
| Lucy | A. afarensis Discovered in 1974 Adult semi-complete skeleton Height 3.5-4 ft Footprints discovered in same geologic layer |
| Herbivore mammal bones with cut and percussion marks dated 3.4 mya suggest A. afarensis butchered meat but.. unknown | |
| How was sex of lucy confirmed | pelvic dynamics |
| Richard Leakey suggested | evolutionary trajectory for human intelligence and behavior is linked to the development of bipedalism therefore linked birthing of immature fetuses and increased parental care and division of labor |
| Notice claim about bipedalism and intelligence | bipedalism yielded intelligence, not intelligence yielded bipedalism |
| Homo naledi | bones seem to be intentionally deposited deep in nearly inaccessible cave chambers; possibly early Homo sapiens |
| Chimps point to what they want like _______________ | humans |
| "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution" is a 1973 essay by the evolutionary biologist and Eastern Orthodox Christian, ____________ _______________ | Theodosius Dobzhansky Remember: “Nothing makes any sense at all except in the light of Scripture”. J. F. Dudt |
| What does Kardong suggest makes us human? | Language and culture. |
| What is the debate surrounding new fossil finds in human evolution? | They aim to explain human evolution without challenging Darwinian theory. |
| What is a common position among theorists regarding human existence? | Humans were not preordained to evolve. |
| What does Scripture suggest about creation? | It indicates there is purpose worked out in creation due to God's directing hand. |
| What is the significance of the phylogenetic tree of mammals? | It shows the evolutionary relationships and diversification of mammals. |
| What are some features of primates? | Grasping hands with opposable thumbs, nails instead of claws, and stereoscopic vision. |
| Brachiation | a method of movement that uses the arms to swing from branch to branch |
| Stereoscopic vision | the ability to determine an object's depth based on that object's projections to each eye |
| what monkeys have steroscopic vision? | almost all |
| When did primates first appear? | Near the Cretaceous-Cenozoic boundary, around 63 million years ago. |
| What is the putative common ancestor of placental mammals? | Protungulatum donna, which lived around 66 million years ago. |
| What distinguishes Platyrrhines from Catarrhines? | Platyrrhines have broad flat bridged noses, while Catarrhines have nostrils that open toward the front. |
| When did hominoids split from catarrhines? | About 25 million years ago. |
| What is the earliest known hominin? | Orrorin or Sahelanthropus. |
| What evidence suggests Sahelanthropus walked upright? | The position of its foramen magnum indicates an erect posture. |
| What is the classification hierarchy for humans? | Family Hominidae, subfamily Homininae, tribe Hominini, subtribe Hominina. |
| What is the significance of Ardipithecus ramidus? | It is the earliest most complete hominin known, dating back to 4.5 million years ago. |
| What is the approximate age of Australopithecus anamensis? | 4.2 to 3.9 million years ago. |
| What distinguishes Paranthropus from Australopithecus? | Paranthropus is a group of robust australopithecines that split off from Australopithecus. |
| What are some notable features of Hominins? | They are usually considered upright walkers. |
| What is the significance of Danuvius? | It is an intermediate bipedal/palmigrade hominin from 11.62 million years ago. |
| How did anthropoids reach South America? | By rafting, around 35 to 40 million years ago. |
| What are the three main groups of mammals? | Monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. |
| What is the evolutionary significance of the mammalian line? | It appeared during the Triassic from the reptilian therapsid line. |
| What is the common ancestor of all placental mammals? | Protungulatum donna. |
| What is the time frame for primate diversification? | 66 to 40 million years ago. |
| What is the significance of the foramen magnum in hominin evolution? | It indicates the posture and locomotion of early hominins. |
| What does the term 'Hominin' refer to? | It refers to the human line, including upright walkers. |
| What is the estimated age of Ardipithecus kadabba? | 5.8 to 6 million years ago. |
| What recent find indicates that Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and H. erectus were contemporary in South Africa? | A study published in Science on 4/3/2020. |
| What is the estimated time period during which Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and H. erectus coexisted? | Approximately 2 million years ago. |
| What features are characteristic of the Hominin subtribe Hominina? | Brachiation in arms, long arms, strong clavicle, grasping hands, obligate bipedal locomotion, high center of gravity, large brain, and reduced body hair. |
| What does obligate bipedal locomotion provide to hominins? | Freed hands for surveillance and other tasks. |
| What significant find was made regarding the Taung child? | It was found in 1924 in South Africa and dated to 3.5 - 2.5 million years ago, assigned to Australopithecus africanus. |
| Who discovered Lucy and when? | Don Johanson discovered Lucy in 1974. |
| What species is Lucy classified as? | Australopithecus afarensis. |
| What is the estimated age of Lucy? | 3.18 million years old. |
| What anatomical features suggest Lucy was female? | The pelvic structure and the articulation of the hip and femur. |
| What evidence suggests that A. afarensis butchered meat? | Herbivore mammal bones with cut and percussion marks dated at 3.4 million years ago. |
| What is the significance of the birth canal in relation to bipedalism? | The birth canal must accommodate a large head during birth, which requires the head to rotate and squeeze the skull plates. |
| What evolutionary claim did Richard Leakey make regarding bipedalism and intelligence? | Bipedalism yielded intelligence, not the other way around. |
| What is Homo naledi known for? | It is a recently discovered species with a mix of primitive traits and modern features, dated to 275,000 years ago. |
| Where were the Homo naledi fossils found? | In a chamber deep inside an underground cave system near Johannesburg, South Africa. |
| What does the term 'cooperative or joint intentionality' refer to in human evolution? | The ability of humans to understand and respond to pointing gestures, unlike chimps. |
| What is the significance of the sex ratio found in Lucy's skeleton? | It revealed a 1.5:1 male/female size ratio. |
| What does the evolutionary trajectory for human intelligence suggest? | It is linked to the development of bipedalism and the resultant delivery of increasingly immature fetuses. |
| What is the estimated time range for the existence of various Homo species? | From over 2.5 million years ago to present, including species like H. habilis, H. erectus, and H. sapiens. |
| What does the study of early hominin behavior suggest? | It is speculative and often considered the result of multifaceted selection pressures. |
| What is the significance of the foramen magnum in hominins? | It indicates bipedal locomotion by its position in the skull. |
| What are some key traits of early hominins? | Bipedalism, larger brain size, and reduced body hair. |
| What does the phrase 'Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution' imply? | It emphasizes the importance of evolutionary theory in understanding biological phenomena. |
| What is the significance of the DNH 134 cranium? | It shows clear affinities with H. erectus and dates back to 2 million years ago. |
| What does the term 'extinct dead end' refer to in the context of Homo naledi? | It suggests that Homo naledi is an evolutionary branch that did not lead to modern humans. |
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llamaandlearning
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