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Mass Movements
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four internal causes of slope failure? (Name all four) | Inherently weak materials Water in its internal roles Decreasing cohesion Adverse geologic structure |
| How does Inherently weak material weaken a hillslope? | Chemical weathering forms clay minerals that are very weak and can act like slippery "book pages" |
| How does Water (in its internal roles) weaken a hillslope? | It adds weight to the slope, dissolves natural rock "glue" (cements), and creates pressure that lifts the soil |
| How does Decreasing cohesion weaken a hillslope? | When erosion removes heavy top rock, the rock below expands and cracks, which makes it weaker and lets water in |
| How does Adverse geologic structure weaken a hillslope? | Pre-existing features like old slide surfaces or rock layers tilted downslope create natural "slip zones" for new failures |
| What is Creep? | The slow, constant movement of surface soil downslope |
| How do you recognize Creep in the landscape? | Look for tilted objects like leaning fence posts, curved tree trunks, or broken retaining walls |
| What is a Loose-powder avalanche? | An avalanche that behaves like a flow; it starts at a steep point in powdery snow and picks up more snow as it moves |
| What is a Slab avalanche? | An avalanche that behaves like a slide; a large, solid "slab" of snow breaks free from the base all at once |
| What is the main difference in how these two avalanches initially move? | Loose-powder moves like a fluid (flow-like), while slabs move like a single unit (slide-like). |
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