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BIOL 121P
Final Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | change in traits of a population overtime |
| Natural Selection | individuals with beneficial traits survive and reproduce more |
| Fitness | ability to survive and reproduce |
| Adaptation | trait that improves fitness |
| Directional Selection | favors one extreme |
| Stabilizing Selection | favors average |
| Disruptive | favors both extremes |
| Homologous Traits | same structure, different function |
| Analogous Traits | different structure, same function |
| Examples of Evidence for Evolution | fossils, anatomy, DNA similarities |
| External Stimuli | environment (light, sound) |
| Internal Stimuli | hunger, hormones |
| Mechanism | how behavior works |
| Development | how behavior changes over life |
| Function | why behavior helps survival |
| Evolution (Behavior) | how behavior evolved |
| Habituation | decreased response after repeated exposure |
| Sensitization | increased response after strong stimulus |
| Classical Conditioning | learning by association |
| Operant Conditioning | learning through rewards/punishment |
| Cell | smallest unit of life |
| Organelle | structure inside a cell with a function |
| Nucleus | contains DNA |
| Mitochondria | produces energy (ATP) |
| Ribosome | makes proteins |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | makes proteins/lipids |
| Rough ER | synthesizes proteins |
| Smooth ER | synthesizes lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus | modifies and ships proteins |
| Cell Membrane | barrier controlling entry/exit (is a lipid) |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | double layer of lipids in membrane |
| Selective Permeability | only some substances can pass |
| Diffusion | movement from high to low concentration |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water |
| Active Transport | movement using energy |
| Facilitated Diffusion | movement with help of proteins |
| Mitosis | division producing indetical cells |
| Meiosis | division producing sex cells |
| Cell Cycle | series of steps for cell division |
| G1 Phase | cell growth |
| S Phase | DNA replication |
| G2 Phase | preparation for division |
| Cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm |
| Prophase | chromosomes condense |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up |
| Anaphase | chromosomes seperate |
| Telophase | nuclei reform |
| Checkpoint | control point in cycle |
| Cancer | uncontrolled cell division |
| ATP | energy molecule |
| ΔG | energy change in a reaction |
| Negative ΔG | energy change is spontaneous (occurs w/o added energy) |
| Positive ΔG | energy change is non spontaneous (requires energy) |
| Activation Energy | needed to start a reaction |
| Enzyme | protein that speeds up reactions |
| Catalyst | substance that lowers activation energy |
| Competitive Inhibitor | blocks enzyme active site |
| Allosteric Regulator | changes enzyme shape |
| Genotype | genetic makeup |
| Phenotype | observable traits |
| Homozygous | two identical alleles |
| Heterozygous | two different alleles |
| Allele | different version of a gene |
| Dominant | expressed trait |
| Recessive | masked by dominant trait |
| Independent Assortment | genes separate independently |
| Codominance | both alletes expressed |
| Incomplete Dominance | blended trait |
| Gene | DNA segment |
| DNA | molecule that carries genetic info |
| Nucleotide | building block of DNA |
| Codon | three-base sequence that codes for an amino acid |
| Transcription | DNA -> RNA |
| Translation | RNA -> Protein |
| Ribosome | site of protein synthesis |
| Mutation | change in DNA sequence |
| Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | nerves attached to spinal cord |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | fight or flight |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | rest and digest |
| Neuron | nerve cell |
| Action Potential | electrical signal in neuron |
| Lateralization | brain sides have different functions |
| Myosin | protein that pulls actin |
| Actin | protein that causes muscle contraction |
| Hormone | chemical messenger in bloodstream |
| Endocrine System | glands that release hormones |
| Negative Feedback | output reduces original stimulus |
| Insulin | lowers blood sugar |
| Glucagon | raises blood sugar |
| Receptor | detects stimuli |
| Photoreceptor | detects light |
| Rods | detect black/white |
| Cones | detect color |
| Cornea | clear front of eye |
| Iris | controls pupil size |
| Lens | focuses light |
| Retina | contains photoreceptors |
| Sexual Reproduction | two parents, more variation |
| Asexual Reproduction | one parent, identical offspring |
| Gamete | sex cell |
| Fertilization | fusion of gametes |
| Intrasexual Selection | competition with same sex |
| Intersexual Selection | mate choice |
| Monogamy | one mate |
| Polygyny | one male, multiple females |
| Polyandry | one female, multiple males |
| Communication | sending signals between organisms |
| Predatation | one organism kills another |
| Competition | organisms fight for resrouces |
| Mutualism | both benefit |
| Commensalism | one benefits, other unaffected |
| Parsitism | one benefits, other harmed |
| Kin Selection | helping relatives survive |
| Altruism | helping others at a cost |
| Classical Conditioning | learning where a neutral stimulus causes another stimulus to trigger a response |
| Operant Conditioning | learning where behavior is influenced by consequences |
| Comparative Psychologists | studies behavior across different species to understand evolutionary patterns |
| Ethologists | studies animal behavior in natural environments |
| Sociobiologists | studies how social behaviors are shaped by evolution and genetics |
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