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Environ. Science
Environmental Science - Sp26 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is true regarding the concept of an ecological footprint? | The average ecological footprint is so high that we are experiencing an overshoot of Earth’s capacity |
| A series of aquariums are set up, each with an identical level of nutrients and types of organisms. The water in each is kept at different temperatures. The algae dry mass is measured after 2 weeks. What is the independent variable in this experiment? | The temperature of the water |
| Which of these would be part of a movement that promoted sustainability? | Decreasing resource consumption in wealthy populations |
| What are the three levels of biodiversity? | Genetic, species, and ecosystem |
| Ecosystem services are goods and services that we receive from nature. They are of four types. What type of service would edible wild berries be | Provisioning |
| Ecosystem Services (good and services from the natural environment): Provisioning | cutting down trees for fuelwood (to burn and keep the house warm) |
| ES: Supporting | Water cycles, photosynthesis |
| ES: Regulating | air quality, erosion control, pollination |
| ES: Cultural | Ethical values/recreation |
| Industrial revolution | 1760-1840 |
| Agricultural revolution | 10,000 yr before present |
| Ecosystem diversity consists of: | All the different species and ecological processes in an ecosystem |
| Wind energy is a | Inexhaustible renewable natural resource |
| We (humans) are estimated to be using 64% more of the planet’s renewable resources than are sustainably available. This is called | Overshoot |
| China has the highest ecological footprint (5.3 billion gha). Yet its per capita ecological footprint is comparatively smaller. How is this possible? | Large population |
| The average US citizen's ecological footprint is about 50% larger than that of the average person in most European countries. What is one of the main reasons for this | Less public transportation than most European countries and larger suburban sprawl |
| Broccoli is a type of vegetable created by human farmers by breeding wild mustard plants for large flower buds and stems. Both are the same species, Brassica oleracea. What is this an example of? | Artificial selection |
| Which of these is an accurate statement regarding extinction? | Species are currently going extinct at a level significantly greater than the background rate |
| What is Exponential growth? | When a population increases by a fixed percentage each year |
| Survivalship Curve: Type 1 | high mortality (low survivorship) in oldest cohorts ex. Humans, horses, elephants |
| SC: Type 2 | consistent mortality in all cohorts ex. Squirrels, bugs, birds |
| SC: Type 3 | high mortality (low survivorship) in young cohorts ex. Tortoises, trees |
| Why was Darwin and Wallace's "Theory of evolution through Natural Selection" so revolutionary for its time? | it described how species change through time and are not static |
| There were about 2 dozen species of honeycreepers in Hawaii. They are found nowhere else suggesting they all evolved in Hawaii only. They all possibly evolved from a single migrant species. This is an example of | Adaptive radiation |
| What does endemic mean? | Found only in a specific area. |
| What is an ecological deficit? | Biocapacity minus Ecological footprint |
| What are niche breadths? | Specialist vs. generalist |
| Habitat fragmentation is best defined as: | The reduction of a large continuous habitat into smaller isolated patches |
| Which of the following is NOT typically associated with edge effects? | Greater humidity stability |
| Fragmentation can lead to decreased genetic diversity primarily because of: | Restricted access to mates and inbreeding |
| keystone species | a single species with strong control over the ecosystem; without it the ecosystem would not survive |
| Identify the dominant species in the Carrizo Plain | creosote bush plant |
| Fundemental niche | 1 species - is the entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself. |
| Realized Niche | multiple niche; biotic interaction - is the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account. |
| the number of species on an island is a function of (a result of) rates of extinction and rates of colonization. Extinction is a function of | Size of the island |
| Based on figure 1 (seen above) of MacArthur and Wilson's 1967 paper which island has the least number of species and why? | Christmas island since is is the smallest island |
| Species Interactions: Ecosystem Modification | Kudzu |
| SI: Resource Competition | Tamarisk |
| SI: Aggression | Fire Ants |
| SI: Predation | Ship Rats |
| SI: Herbivory | Brazilian Cochineal Bug |
| Ecological Niche is based on | location, role in the ecosystem, interrelationshipness |
| Interspecific | multiple species |
| Intraspecific | within a species |
| mutualism | mutual benefit |
| commensalism | one side benefits |
| Predation | members of 1 species? |
| Anthropocentrism | focuses on cost or benefit to impacts on people |
| Biocentrism | intrinsic value to both human and nonhuman life |
| Ecocentrism | focuses on ecological systems, including nonliving elements. |
| Transcendentalism | rejecting materialism preserving nature as a priority to industrial modernization. |
| Use Value | The worth of something we use directly |
| Existence Value | Worth of knowing that something exists, even if we never experience it ourselves |
| Aesthetic Value | worth of something for emotional or it's beautiful appeal |
| Option Value | Worth of something we might use later |
| According to environmental economics externalities like pollution or factory waste | increases the costs pushing up the supply demand equilibrium |
| Which of these would be a modern example of the tragedy of the commons? | The pollution of the atmosphere by cars and factories |
| The dust bowl phenomena prompted the creation of which body/act by the US federal government | Soil Conservation act |
| Which option below is one of the factors that obstruct environmental policy | Environmental problems tend to surface over long periods, while politicians and businesses generally have to make decisions for short-term benefit. |
| The first wave of US environmental policy was marked by | a perception that the western lands were inexhaustible in natural resources |
| The second wave of US environmental policy was marked by | a shift toward conservation and preservation ethics including the establishment of National Parks |
| The third wave of US environmental policy was marked by | increased awareness of air and water pollution including the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson |
| What federal agency or branch of government is responsible for setting and enforcing environmental regulations? | The U.S. EPA |
| What law requires an environmental impact statement to be made for any federal action that could affect environmental quality | The National Environmental Policy Act |
| A state dealing with water pollution from fertilizer runoff from many farms along a river asks the farmers to voluntarily limit their fertilizer use. Some of the farmers take no action, causing the policy to fail. What is the name of this example? | The predicament of the free rider |
| In the product market of the circular flow diagram for the basic neoclassical model, what do firms provide | Goods and services |
| Which 2 is an example of "greenwashing" | Car manufacturer Volkswagen was caught faking its emissions reports on several lines of its diesel vehicles in 2015. This led to several lawsuits and billions in fines |
| What was the primary stimulus for environmental policy shifts in the 1960s and 1970s? | The improvement of air and water quality through pollution regulation |
| What best describes the command and control approach? | Regulating agency (such as the EPA) prohibits certain actions or sets limits, with punishment for violations |
| The 2006 Global Warming Solutions Act set a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in California to 1990 levels by 2020. What is the lesson we can learn from the results of this act? | It is possible to increase per capita GDP while reducing green house gas emissions |
| What is a relativist | one who believes that ethics vary depending on the context of the problem |
| What is a universalist? | define objective notions of right/wrong that hold across cultures/contexts |
| What is instrumental value? | something is valued for the pragmatic beliefs and utility that it brings us |
| What is intrinsic value? | things are believed to have a right to exist & is valuable for its own sake |
| Which is an example of a instrumental value? | a forest due to its timber, game hunting, & water filtration |
| What is a cornucopian? | human ingenuity can overcome environmental constraints (allowing growth) the one brand with the missing logo |
| Which of the three goals of Conservation Biology makes it a normative science (biased or with preferences) | To investigate practical approaches to protect and restore biological communities, maintain genetic diversity, and prevent the extinction of species |
| What is the response of biodiversity to climate change | Species distribution ranges shift as temperatures increase, leading to altered ecosystems; Altered phenology- species change the timing of different events in their life cycle |
| Why is the inside of a greenhouse warmer than the outside? | High-energy solar radiation enters the greenhouse, is absorbed by surfaces, and is re-emitted as lower-energy infrared radiation that becomes trapped |
| Impact of climate change: Abiotic Temperature | American pika in the Great Basin region has limited tolerance to temperature extremes |
| ICC: Biotic (neg. impact on beneficial species) | Planarian (Crenobia alpina): increasing stream temperatures has led to a loss of prey species |
| ICC: Biotic (temporal mismatch) | checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis) in San Francisco: Increase in variability of precipitation corresponding with reduction of temporal overlap between larvae and host plants |
| ICC: Abiotic (precipitation) | Adrar Mountain fish species in Maurutiana: Loss of water bodies due to drought |
| Country with the highest % of energy from renewable sources | Iceland |
| Country w/ the highest % of energy from solar power. | Austrailia |
| Country that produces the most solar power | China |
| Gamma Diversity (Z) | Region (largest section) Total number of species recorded for the group of sites or communities that make up a landscape |
| Beta Diversity (Y) | Measures the rate of change in species composition in communities across a landscape Goldilock zone - where all sites overlap |
| Alpha Diversity (X) | Diversity of species within an ecological community |
| The Biological Species Concept defines a species as: | Interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from others |
| Reproductive isolation refers to: | The inability of species to interbreed successfully |
| Which of the following is a limitation of the Biological Species Concept? | It cannot be used for fossil species |
| Which type of species cannot be easily classified using the Biological Species Concept? | Asexual organisms |
| The Phylogenetic Species Concept primarily uses what type of data? | Genetic similarities and differences |
| Studies comparing phylogenetic and non-phylogenetic species concepts generally found that using phylogenetic species concept resulted in: | Species numbers increase significantly |
| Population | A group of individuals of the same species in a defined area at a particular time |
| Community | A group of individuals of different species in a defined area at a particular time interacting with one another |
| Ecosystem | A group of individuals of different species in a defined area at a particular time, interacting with one another, and their abiotic surroundings |
| The Red List Index (RLI) value of 1 represents: | Least concern (low extinction risk) |
| A decline in the Red List Index indicates: | Increasing extinction risk |
| Alabama’s high biodiversity is partly due to its location because: | Species from multiple geographic ranges overlap there |
| One criterion for a biodiversity hotspot is: | At least 1,500 endemic vascular plants |
| Another criterion for a biodiversity hotspot is: | 70% of primary forests are lost |
| Why are biodiversity hotspots a conservation priority? | They contain high biodiversity but are highly threatened |
| Species Diversity | Takes into account the number of species as well as the number of individuals |
| Species Richness | Number of species present on each site |
| Beta Diversity Formula | S(gamma)/alpha - 1 |
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