plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates sugars and starches

organisms that are able to use a source of energy, such as sunlight, to produce food directly from simple inorganic molecules in the environment.

organisms that obtain energy from the foods they eat.

Green pigment in plants

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green.

accepts a pair of high energy electrons and it is converted to NADPH

energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

sunlight is captured to produce NADPH and ATP; requires light; occurs inside the photosynthetic membranes (contain chlorophyll) of the chloroplast.

energy from NADP and ATP is used to produce Glucose (this can store more energy- more stable molecule) ; does not require light; occurs outside the photosynthetic membranes of the chloroplast.

The photosynthetic membrane contains clusters of pigment molecules called “photosystems”

Photosynthetic membrane provides new electrons to chlorophyll to replace the ones used to make NADPH.

the Hydrogen ions from the split water are used to attach another phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

circular series of reactions discovered by Melvin Calvin

The Calvin Cycle(cont.)

Uses Carbon dioxide along with NADPH and ATP to form a 5-carbon sugar.

The Calvin Cycle (cont.)

1st reaction: 5-carbon sugar combines with CO₂ to form two 3-carbon compounds. Next 2 reactions: using ATP and NADPH the 3C compounds are converted toPGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde)…….Glucose etc.

molecules are produced from 4 molecules of ADP.

2 molecules of ATP during Glycolysis

uses oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy

Pyruvic acid travels from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion

2 Carbons added (from breakdown of pyruvic acid) 2 Carbons removed (2 molecules of CO₂) 3NAD+ converted to NADH 1 FAD converted to FADH₂ 1 GFP converted to GTP n to be broken down. citric is the 1st compound formed in this series of reactions

is the final electron acceptor in the process of respiration.

Photosynthesis and Respiration

can be thought of as opposite process.

2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose and does not require oxygen…but NADH must be converted to NAD+

Fermentation is Anaerobic

which means it does not require oxygen

Alcoholic Fermentation

microorganisms use this process to breakdown pyruvic acid into a 2-Carbon Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide to produce NAD+

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Biology Chapter 6.

Question	Answer
Energy	is the ability to do work!
Photosynthesis	plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates sugars and starches
Autotrophs	organisms that are able to use a source of energy, such as sunlight, to produce food directly from simple inorganic molecules in the environment.
Heterotrophs	organisms that obtain energy from the foods they eat.
Plant pigments	absorb or reflect light
Green pigment in plants	Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green.
NADP	accepts a pair of high energy electrons and it is converted to NADPH
ATP	energy is stored in the phosphate bonds
1 phosphate group	AMP: Adenosine monophosphate
2 phosphate groups	ADP: Adenosine diphosphate
Light Reactions	sunlight is captured to produce NADPH and ATP; requires light; occurs inside the photosynthetic membranes (contain chlorophyll) of the chloroplast.
Dark Reactions	energy from NADP and ATP is used to produce Glucose (this can store more energy- more stable molecule) ; does not require light; occurs outside the photosynthetic membranes of the chloroplast.
Light Absorption	The photosynthetic membrane contains clusters of pigment molecules called “photosystems”
Oxygen Production	Photosynthetic membrane provides new electrons to chlorophyll to replace the ones used to make NADPH.
ATP Formation	the Hydrogen ions from the split water are used to attach another phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
The Calvin Cycle	circular series of reactions discovered by Melvin Calvin
The Calvin Cycle(cont.)	Uses Carbon dioxide along with NADPH and ATP to form a 5-carbon sugar.
The Calvin Cycle (cont.)	1st reaction: 5-carbon sugar combines with CO₂ to form two 3-carbon compounds. Next 2 reactions: using ATP and NADPH the 3C compounds are converted toPGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde)…….Glucose etc.
Glycolysis	the breaking down of Glucose
ATP	molecules are produced from 4 molecules of ADP.
Net Gain	2 molecules of ATP during Glycolysis
Aerobic Process	requires oxygen
Respiration	uses oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy
Kerbs cycle	Pyruvic acid travels from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion
Kerbs Cycle (cont.)	2 Carbons added (from breakdown of pyruvic acid) 2 Carbons removed (2 molecules of CO₂) 3NAD+ converted to NADH 1 FAD converted to FADH₂ 1 GFP converted to GTP n to be broken down. citric is the 1st compound formed in this series of reactions
Waste product of Krebs Cycle	CO2
Oxygen	is the final electron acceptor in the process of respiration.
Photosynthesis and Respiration	can be thought of as opposite process.
Glycolysis produces	2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose and does not require oxygen…but NADH must be converted to NAD+
Fermentation is Anaerobic	which means it does not require oxygen
Alcoholic Fermentation	microorganisms use this process to breakdown pyruvic acid into a 2-Carbon Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide to produce NAD+

Created by: Daniel Joranlien

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