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science starr
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| elements | pure substances, represented by a 1 or 2 letter chemical symbol, not able to be broken down chemically, hydrogen and helium-most common elements |
| compounds | pure substances, represented by a chemical formula, composed of two or more different elements chemically combined(bonded) able to be broken down chemically, contain different properties than what make them |
| mixtures | composed of two or more different elements or compounds that are not chemically combined, can be separated, don't undergo chemical changed when combined, can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. |
| periodic table | table of chemical elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number(# of protons) |
| Atoms | rep. by a subscript, located after the symbol, written as a small #,add the atoms int he formula to determine the total of atoms, no subscript after an element's symbol then there's just 1 atom |
| molecules | rep by a coefficient, beginning of a chemical formula, large # multiple the number of atoms by the coefficient, |
| reactants | left side of the equation before a reaction takes place |
| Products | right side after a reaction takes place |
| law of conservation of mass | matter can't be created or destroyed, reactant side but equal product side (mass) |
| chemical reactions | transformation to form a new substance with different properties, chemical equation- chemical reaction using chemical symbols for elements and compounds |
| acceleration | the rate of change of velocity, includes an increase in speed, decrease, or change in direction of an object. |
| newtons 2nd law of motion | Law of Acceleration, force of an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration. (f+MxA) f= newtons(N) Mass(kg) A=(m/s2) |
| Newtons 1st law | AKA=law of inertia- an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force |
| Newtons 3rd law | for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (action/reaction) |
| transverse waves | wave that moves the medium at a right (perpendicular) angle to the direction the wave travels, crest-highest point of a wave, trough-lowest part |
| properties of waves | amplitude- max distance a wave moves away from the rest position, wavelength- distance between two corresponding parts of a wave, frequency- the # of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time |
| radio wave | lowest frequency longest wavelength |
| microwaves | form of radio waves with the shortest wavelength and highest frequency-penetrate food, heats up |
| infrared rays | shorter wavelength and higher frequency than microwaves, heat thro light bulb |
| visible light | humans see these as the colors of the rainbow |
| ultraviolet rays | invisible rays that are a part of the energy that comes from the sun, can be beneficial or harmful |
| x-rays | very short wavelength, able to pass through many opaque materials, can penetrate human body |
| gamma rays | highest frequency and shortest wavelength, given off by stars and some radioactive substances |
| nebula | huge cloud of dust and gas in space held together by gravity, mainly hydrogen and helium gas, can be light years away in diameter, some are regions where new stars are being formed or dead or dying, aka "Star Nurseries" |
| Star life cycle | nebula, protostar, and main sequence, after ms; small to ave like the sun- Red Supergiant, Supernova, Neutron Star Nebula, White Dwarf, Black Dwarf High mass- Red supergiant, supernova, neutron star, extremely massive-red super giants, supernova, black |
| galaxies | huge system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust held together by gravity. classified by their shape |
| Spiral galaxies | flat, disc-shaped galaxy with a central bulge and "arms" that extend outward, solar system is located on the Orion Arm of the Milky Way |
| Elliptical Galaxies | most abundant type of galaxy that has a smooth, circular or oval shape |
| Irregular galaxies | random, scattered type of galaxy that doesn't form a distinct shape or pattern |
| Big Bang Theory | widely accepted theory for the origin of the universe, began with a Big Bang over 14 billion years ago, an explosion occurred from an extremely small, dense, and hot bit of matter, fractions of seconds the universe expanded from atom to galaxy |
| weather | day to day conditions of the atmosphere, describes a short time of period, can change in a few hours, reported as a forecast |
| climate | the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time, describes years of data, usually seasons. |
| Global winds | earth rotates on its axis at 23.5 degrees, areas get more heat than others, causing uneven heating (winds) large convection currents form as air warms near the equator, rises, then cools near the poles as it falls. |
| jet stream | bands of strong wind in the upper atmosphere that flow from west to east |
| Coriolis Effect | the force that deflects the direction of the wind to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere due to Earth's rotation |
| Ocean currents | sun drives convection currents within Earth's oceans, warm water from equator transported to the poles, cold water from the poles transported to the equator, oceans help regulate climate patterns |
| Air masses | sun drives convection currents through earth's atmosphere, warm air rises and cool air sinks help to create wind, fronts, pressure systems, etc., currents within the atmosphere drive weather patterns |
| tropical depression | wind speeds of 23-39 mph |
| tropical storm | wind speeds of 39-73 mph |
| cyclones | massive storms formed over the south pacific and indian oceans |
| typhoons | massive storms formed over the northwest pacific ocean |
| hurricanes | massive storms formed over the north atlantic, central north pacific, eastern north pacific oceans |
| food webs | overlapping food chains linked together, realistic diagram of the relationships that occur within an ecosystem, predator of a food chain may be linked to prey from another food chain |
| primary succession | community changes over a long period of time, new ecosystem formed where nothing previously existed, can take thousands of years |
| secondary succession | community changed over a shorter period of time, formation and regrowth of an ecosystem after a disturbance, can take hundreds of years |
| cell membrane | controls what comes in and out of the cell |
| cell wall | rigid layer that provides support, strength, and shape for the cell. |
| nucleus | controls the activities of the cell |
| ribosomes | hook amino acids together to make proteins |
| cytoplasm | thick gel-like fluid located inside of the cell |
| mitochondria | produces the energy needed for the cell to carry out its function |
| chloroplast | contains chlorophyll and makes food from sunlight |
| vacuole | storage area of the cell |
| animal cells | circular or irregular shape, many smaller vacuoles than a plant, contain all the same as a plant beside the cell wall and chloroplasts |
| plant cells | rectangular shape |
| gene | segment of DNA that had the code for a specific trait |
| chromosome | location where genetic information is stored within the nucleus of a cell |
| DNA | long chains of molecules, containing genetic information, that make up chromosomes |
| function of genes | gene is a segment of DNA;DNA is located within a chromosome; a chromosome is located within the nucleus of a cell. determine inherited traits |
| adaptations | characteristics that help orgs survive |
| structural adaptations | physical features that developed over time |
| behavioral adaptations | can be instinctive or learned, deals with the way they survive |
| physiological adaptations | allows orgs to perform special functions within its body |
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