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Micro1113ex2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Glycolysis step 1 | Hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate |
| Glycolysis step 2 | Isomerase to form fructose-6-phosphate |
| Glycolysis step 3 | Kinase to form fructose-1,6-diphosphate |
| Glycolysis step 4 | Aldolase to split into dihydroxyacetone phosphate & glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
| Glycolysis step 5 | Isomerase to change dihydroxyaceton phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
| Catalase | Converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen |
| Major Elements | P O N C H S |
| pH decrease | more acidic |
| pH increase | more basic |
| Basophiles | MO's that love low acid levels, high ranges on pH scale |
| Neutraphiles | MO's that love medium ranges on pH scale |
| Acidophiles | MO's that love high acid levels, low ranges on pH scale |
| Safe pH level | 4.6 |
| Thermophiles | MO's that love high temperatures 45-90 |
| Mesophile | MO's that love medium temperatures 20-45 |
| Psychrophile | MO's that love cold temperatures 0-20 |
| Chloroplast Photosynthesis | 6CO2+12H2O+light=C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O |
| Light | Splits the H2O molecule |
| Chloraphyl | Captures the light |
| Rubisco | Enzyme that "fixes" CO2 |
| Photoautotroph | Energy from light & Carbon from CO2 |
| Photoheterotroph | Energy from light & Carbon from Glucose |
| Chemoheterotroph | Energy from Glucose & Carbon from Glucose |
| Chemoautotroph | Energy from H2 & Carbon from CO2 |
| Enzyme | Proteins that act as catalysts and are needed at each step of a metabolic pathway |
| Catalyst | Substance that increases the speed of chemical reaction |
| Isomerase | Enzyme that rearanges atoms by moving bonds and atoms |
| Hydrolase | Enzyme that adds water (Penicillinase & Sucrase) |
| Allosteric Site | Place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape and influence it's ability to be active |
| Enzyme Inhibitors | Competitive (sulfa drugs) & Noncompetitive (potassium clavulanate added to make augmentin) |
| Hexokinase | Changes glucose into glucose-6-phosphate by using ATP |
| Isomerase | Changes glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate |
| Kinase | Chages fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-diphosphate by using ATP |
| Aldolase | Breaks apart fructose-1,6-diphosphate into dihydroxyaceton phosphate & glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
| Fermentation | Keeps glycolysis going by coverting NADH +H back into NAD+ if no oxygen is present to enter Krebs Cycle |
| Aerobic Respiration | Pyruvate prepared to enter the Krebs Cycle If Oxygen is present |
| Net Respiration Reaction | C6H12O6+6O2 into 6CO2+6H2O Glucose+Oxygen into Carbondioxide+Water |
| Eukaryote Cell Respiration | Cytoplasm-glycolysis (glucose into pyruvate+2ATP) Mitochondria-Krebs Cycle (pyruvate into Acetyl CoA into 6CO2+2ATP, and Electron Transport Chain (O2+H2+electrons into H2O+32ATP) |
| Prokaryote Cell Respiration | Cytoplasm-glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain |
| Purpose of ATP | Metabolism, cell movement, active transport, bioluminescence |
| Obligate Aerobes | Require O2 10-20%, grow at top in liquid media |
| Obligate Anaerobes | Killed easily by O2, grow at bottom of liquid media |
| Diptheria | Obligate Aerobe |
| Tetnus | Obligate Anaerobe |
| Botulism | Obligate Anaerobe |
| Facultative Anaerobe | Use O2 aerobically if present (krebs cycle), live anaerobically without O2 (fermentation) |
| Saccharomyces Cerevisiae | Facultative Anaerobe |
| Aerotolerant Anaerobe | Doesn't need O2 to live, not harmed if O2 is present |
| Extremophiles | Live outside of normal boundries |
| Extreme Anaerobe | live in 0% oxygen |
| Extreme Halophiles | live in 9-32% Salinity |
| Extreme Thermophiles | live in 70-110'C |
| Extreme Acidophiles | live in pH levels 1-2 |
| Extreme Thermophilic Acidophile | live in pH levels 1-2 & 70-110'C |
| Pure Culture Media | Liquid media & Solid media |
| Fastideous | Picky, Picky |
| Differential Media | A complex media that lets everything grow, but lets you tell them apart |
| Sub-Culturing | Move a sample to a new test tube to create a new population |
| Lyophilization | Low temp, Low pressure Stores cell and doesn't kill |
| Generation Time | The time it takes for MO's cell to divide into two |
| Bacteria Generation Time | 30 minutes |
| Growth Phases | Lag, Log, Stationary, Decline |
| Lag Phase | MO's adapting to media, no doubling |
| Log Phase | MO's numbers increase by generation |
| Stationary Phase | MO's division levels off |
| Decline Phase | MO's numbers decrease due to loss of nutrients, and increase of waste |
| Plate Counts | The best method for counting cells |
| Dillution Process | 1ml from 100ml sample, several 1/10th dilutions, pour spread plate of the 1//10,000, count=N, N*10,000*100=MO cells |
| Genotype | Total genetic makeup or potential of the cell DNA |
| Phenotype | Actual expressed traits of the DNA, represents a collection of proteins |
| Griffiths | Discovered that DNA was the genetic code |
| Avery, McCleod, McCarty | Explained why DNA was the genetic code |
| Watson, Crick, Wilkins | Discovered the structure and replication of DNA |
| Franklin | Owned X-Ray used by Watson, Crick and Wilkins |
| Berg & Cohn | Discovered Recombinate DNA |
| Jacob & Monad | Discovered mRNA and broke the genetic code |
| Interphase | Replication, Transcription, Translation |
| Replication | 1DNA into 2DNA |
| Transcription | 1DNA into 1mRNA |
| Translation | 1mRNA into Protein |
| Mitosis | When the nucleus divides |
| Cytokinesis | When the cell divides |
| Humans have _______ genes | 21,000 |
| Humans have _______ base-pair nucleotides | 3.1 billion |
| rRNA | provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids |
| tRNA | picks up specific amino acids and carries to protein synthesis |
| mRNA | molecule of RNA encoding a chemical blueprint for a protein product, transcribed from a DNA template |
| Nucleotide Composition | One Nitrogen base (A,T,C,G), Deoxyribose sugar, Phosphate |
| DNA Polymerase | Enzyme that bonds together matched up nucleotides forming complimentary DNA strand with its own sugar-phosphate backbone |
| RNA Polymerase | Enzyme that bonds together one ribose sugar to a phosphate on the next nucleotide to form a single strand of mRNA |
| Helicase | Enzyme that breaks Hydrogen bonds in DNA |
| Gyrase | Enzyme that releases the tension in the DNA |
| AUG | mRNA codon meaning Start |
| UGA | mRNA codon meaning Stop |
| Exons | A good mRNA triplet in immature Eukaryotic mRNA |
| Introns | A useless mRNA triplet in immature Eukaryotic mRNA |
| Reverse Transcription | RNA converted into DNA with an Enzyme (Virus) |
| Letters | Nucleotides A T C G U |
| Words | Tripplet Code made up of 3 nucleotides |
| Sentence | Genes made up of connected tripplet codes that code for a protein |
| Paragraphs | Chromosome made up of long strands of connected genes |
| Chapters | Genome, the total genetic material of an organism |
| Constitutive Enzymes | Genes that never turn off, enzymes are constantly created |
| Inducible Enzymes | Enzymes that are only made when they are needed |
| Repression | When a gene is turned off, protein attaches to DNA at the operator site and shuts down transcription |
| Induction | When a gene is turned on, molecule removes the protein allowing transcription |
| Operon | A group of related genes that are expressed or not expressed together. Only bacteria have |
| Mutation | Any change in the nucleotide sequence or triplet code in DNA or RNA |
| Chemical Mutagen | Nitrous Acid binds to A and makes it look like G |
| Radiation Mutagen | UV may cause thymine dimers(TT) |
| Point Mutations | A change in only one nucleotide |
| Frame Shift Mutations | The addition or removal of two or more base pairs, will shift the reading frame of triplet codes |
| Prokaryote Transformation | A prokaryote absorms DNA found in its environment left by another prokaryote then expresses the new DNA |
| Prokaryote Transduction | During phase assemble, some of the cell DNA fragments maybe taken into the capsid along with the phage DNA |
| Application 1 | Used to express the inserted gene, produce a protein product |
| Application 2 | Used to amplify the recombinant DNA, can be used to make thousands of copies of same recombinant DNA |
| Holoenzyme | An apoenzyme together with its cofactor, the active form |
Created by:
nickolebrooks
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