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Zoology
exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Determine ancestral vs. derived character states | primitive condition vs. evolutionarily modified condition |
| what are the 2 fundamental principles of cladistics? | 1.only use shared derived characteristics 2.only name monophyletic groups |
| what similar observations did darwin and wallace had they each made that led them to the same principle of natural selection? | Island forms similar to nearest mainland. different island forms have different adaptations close. closer islands have more similar forms than more distant |
| what are the 3 necessary conditions for natural selection to occur? | 1.variation-all sexually reproducing species vary in characteristics 2.differential reproduction-species reproduce in excess of the numbers that can survive 3.heredity-traits can be passed from 1 generation to the next |
| what one more thing is necessary for speciation to occur? | fitness-individuals with improved fitness are more likely to survive and reproduce |
| what is the function of the nucleolus? | manufactures ribosomes and exports them to the cytoplasm |
| what is the function of the nucleus? | the 'brain' of the cell, surrounded by a nuclear envelope, holds the nucleolus and chromatin |
| what is the function of the cytoplasm? | maintains the shape of the cell and provides suspension for the organelles |
| what is the function of the plasma membrane? | it protects the cell from the outside environment; made up of a phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins |
| what is the function of the nuclear envelope? | a double membrane that separates the dna from the cytoplasm |
| what is the function of chromatin? | uncoiled DNA;makes up a chromosome |
| mitochondria | "power plant of cell"; use O2 and glucose products to make ATP |
| RER | covered with ribosomes; manufactures peptides and polypeptides |
| SER | no ribosomes; manufactures lipids and phospholipids |
| golgi apparatus | processes and packages secretory products; creates vacuoles |
| lysosomes | cell's waste disposal system, fused with vacuoles; digests macromolecules |
| ribosomes | found on RER or floating in the cytoplasm; site of protein synthesis, made up of RNA |
| cytoskeleton | maintains cell shape and protects the cell; composed of microfilaments and microtubules |
| microfilaments | thin strand-like proteins: actin and myosin |
| microtubules | thicker tubulin protein |
| chromatid | a pair of duplicated strands of a chromosome |
| what are the 4 major tissue types? | connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial |
| connective | holds tissues together, i.e. organs |
| muscle | smooth-found in the inner linings of organs skeletal-attached to bone cardiac-heart |
| nervous | found in the CNS and PNS |
| epithelial | cover organ surfaces i.e. skin, airways, and the inner lining of the digestive tract |
| what is the "central dogma" of biology? | DNA --> RNA --> protein |
| describe 3 lines of evidence that support the endosymbiont hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells | cell membrane structure is similar, organelles have DNA, and prokaryotes demonstrate endosymbiosis |
| name 4 diagnostic characteristics that distinguish animals from other living organisms | eukaryotic, multicellular, collagen-containing, heterotrophs |
| characteristics of a living organism | carbon-based, cellular, metabolizing, reproducing |
| contrast plants and animals in terms of where they get the carbon to make biomolecules from | plants get C from CO2; animals get C from the biomolecules they eat |
| sugars form? | carbohydrates |
| amino acids make up? | proteins |
| fatty acids are in? | lipids |
| nucleotides form? | nucleic acids |
| isolecithal | little yolk; complete cleavage; same sized blastomeres |
| mesolecithal | some yolk; complete cleavage; blastomeres are unequal --> yolky ones are bigger |
| telolecithal | so much yolk can't cleave through it; embryo splayed out on top with bottom of cells open to yolk |
| 5 stages an animal goes through | fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, variable period of growth |
| what blastula actually looks like depends on | cleavage pattern and amount of yolk present |
| regulative development | radial cleavage; blastomere undetermined |
| mosaic development | spiral cleavage; blastomere determined |
| protostome | blastomere signifies mouth end |
| deutorostome | blastomere becomes anus |
| diffusion | movement of solutes across a permeable barrier from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| osmosis | the movement of water across a water permeable membrane from a region with a lower solute concentration to a region with higher solute concentration |
| mediated transport | requires transporter molecules |
Created by:
janetnerd1982
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