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animal reproduction
biol 1210 18.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describe roles of meiosis & mitosis in animal life cycle & list 3 sources of genetic variation | meiosis: producing gametes. Mitosis: growth, repair & development. Sources of genetic variation: crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization |
| describe gamete evolution in animals | isogamy (gametes identical in size & motility, ex. algae/fungi) -> anisogamy (gametes of dif. size, 1 larger & less motile) -> oogamy (extreme form of anisogamy, 1 gamete huge & sessile, other is tiny & motile). |
| describe male v. female gametes in animals | M (sperm): tiny, many, moves by flagellum, minimize costs & maximize # of fertilization attempts. F (egg): much larger cell, few, not self-propelled, maximizes nutrient supply to ensure zygote's survival |
| define gonochorism & its ADV/DAV | individuals are either M or F. ADV: specialization (energy spent on 1 set of reproductive organs), genetic diversity (avoids risk of self-fertilization). DAV: finding a mate |
| define hermaphroditism & its ADV/DAV | individuals carry both gonads. ADV: mate availability (everyone is a potential mate), self-fertilization (individual can reproduce alone), mutual fertilization (both individuals make eggs, doubling offspring). DAV: high energy cost to maintain complexity |
| what species of animals present hermaphroditism? | most/all: sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, earthworms. Some: nematodes, mollusks, echinoderms. Few: anthropods & chordates |
| describe types of hermaphroditism | simultaneous = both functional M & F at the same time, incl. mutual fertilization & unilateral fertilization. Sequential = an individual changes its sex during its lifetime, incl. protandrous & protogynous |
| describe & give an example of: protandrous, protogynous | protandrous (MtF): matriarchal polyandrous society - F need need a larger body for egg production, ex. clownfish. Protogynous (FtM): patriarchal polygynous society - M need a large body for defence, ex. Carribean bluehead wrasse |
| describe the 2 methods of sex determination | environmental determination: environmental pressures, e.g. temperature or social. Genotypic determination: sex chromosomes acquired during fertilization determine sex of offspring |
| compare external & internal fertilization based on: location, required synchronic activity, # of eggs, parental care, & type of animal where it's present | external: outside the body, synchronizes release of gametes, generally large, generally limited, aquatic animals. Internal: inside the body, synchronizes reproductive cycles, generally small, generally greater, aquatic & terrestrial |
| describe spawning | strategy to release gametes simultaneously during external fertilization. Group of individual releases gametes in response to environmental cues or chemical signals from other individuals, ex. salmon & other fish |
| describe mating behaviour for external fertilization | strategy to release gametes simultaneously during external fertilization. Females release eggs in response to being clasped by the male, ex. frogs |
| describe 1. viviparous, 2. oviparous & 3. ovoviviparous | 1. eggs are not laid & develop inside parent's body, parent provides nourishment. 2. eggs are laid & develop outside parent's body, nourished by egg yolk. 3. eggs are not laid & develop inside parent's body, nourished by egg yolk |
| describe structures of the F insect reproductive system | ovaries: made of several tubes where eggs mature linearly. Spermatheca: specialized sac to store sperm after mating. Spermathecal gland: secretes nutrients to keep stored sperm alive & motile. Accessory glands: produce the "glue" that binds eggs to surfac |
| describe significance of spermatheca in F insect reproductive system | longevity - can store viable sperm in spermatheca for years, using it to fertilize eggs as they're laid & control - F can choose when to release sperm, separating mating from fertilization. Sperm competition also occurs in spermatheca |
| describe structures of M insect reproductive system | testes: 2, sperm produced. Vas deferens & seminal vesicles: sperm travel thru vas deferens, stored in seminal vesicle until mating. Accessory gland: produces seminal fluid. Aedeagus & claspers: specialized structures to deliver sperm & hold onto F |
| describe function of seminal fluid in M insect reproductive system | forms a "mating plug" to prevent other M from mating w the same F. Influences F's behaviour - ex. making her less receptive to other M or stimulating her to lay eggs faster |
| describe the structure of an avian F reproductive system | ovary, oviduct, uterus & cloaca: common exit for digestive, excretory & reproductive. In most birds, only left ovary & oviduct is functional, other is reduced to be lighter. Avian oviduct is not tube - it builds egg. Organs shrink outside breeding ssn |
| describe how the avian oviduct builds the egg | in stages: Infundibulum: where fertilization occurs (must be before addition of shell) -> magnum: adds egg white (albumin) -> Isthmus: adds shell membranes -> shell gland: adds calcium carbonate shell and any pigments |
| describe structure of an avian M reproductive system | unlike mammals, testes r deep within abdominal cavity near kidneys & swell lots during breeding ssn. Also has epididymis, deferent duct (vas deferens) & cloaca. All birds except ducks & ostriches do not have a penis |
| describe how avians mate | mating occurs when M & F press cloacae together, transferring sperm in a matter of seconds. "The Cloacal Kiss" |
| describe mammalian reproductive anatomy | both sexes have: gonads (produce gametes & secrete hormones), ducts (gamete transport & storage), structures for copulation. 3 general categories: external genitalia, internal reproductive organs & accessory glands |
| list the mammalian M internal reproductive organs | testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra |
| describe the M mammalian testes | paired, oval glands outside abdominal cavity but inside scrotum - sperm cannot develop at normal body temps, so scrotum keeps testes cool. During development, testes drop & push thru abdominal cavity. Testes incl. seminiferous tubules where sperm's formed |
| describe the M mammalian epididymis & vas deferens | epididymis: series of tightly coiled tubes in scrotum, 1/testis, sperm storage. Vas deferens: during ejaculation, muscle contractions propel sperm along vas deferens, which goes around bladder & joins w seminal vesicle by ejaculatory duct |
| describe the M mammalian urethra | tube running thru penis that drains both the excretory & reproductive systems |
| describe functions of male accessory glands & list them | glands add secretions (collectively called seminal fluid) to semen. Incl. seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral gland |
| describe the M mammalian seminal vesicles | dorsal to bladder, 1st gland to add fluid to semen containing mucus, amino acids, fructose & prostaglandins (sticky), providing nutrients & energy to sperm. Secretions make up 60% of total semen |
| describe the M mammalian prostrate gland | Secretes milky alkaline fluid to activate sperm & neutralise acidity of residual urine. Ventral to rectum, contains many nerve endings & is prone to cancer, which can block ejaculatory duct. Secretions are 25% of semen, empties directly into urethra. |
| describe the M mammalian bulbourethral gland | Secretes viscous fluid before ejaculation (sticky), empties directly into urethra at base of penis. 5% of semen, last contribution |
| describe M penis anatomy | glans penis is homologous to F clitoris & contains many nerve endings. Penile shaft encloses corpus cavernosa, urethra tube, penis head w glans penis & foreskin. Ancestral shape of penis head & movement is to remove sperm of previous partners |
| list the F internal reproductive organs | includes structures for gamete production as well as embryo incubation & parental care. Incl. ovaries, oviduct (fallopian tube), follicles, uterus, cervix, vagina |
| describe the F mammalian ovaries | one on either side of uterus, near opening of an oviduct. Contain follicles which produce gametes (eggs) and hormones (estrogen & progesterone) |
| describe the F mammalian oviducts | allow the eggs/zygote to travel from ovaries to uterus. Connection to ovary is not secure; it's open. Fertilization usually occurs in the upper third of the oviduct |
| describe the F mammalian uterus | muscular organ where fetus develops - fertilized egg implants into uterine wall (endometrium). Neck of uterus is the cervix, which opens into vagina |
| describe the F mammalian vagina | has 3 functions: intercourse, flow of menstruation, birth canal. Receives penis & sperm during intercourse, completely separate from urethra in humans. Forms the birth canal. |
| describe the F mammalian vulva | labia majora & minora and clitoris (sensitive erectile tissue, homologous to the glans penis in M) |
| describe the F mammalian mammary glands | important for what comes after reproduction, but not part of reproductive system. Consists of small sacs of epithelial tissue that secrete milk, which drains into series of ducts & opens at nipple. Part of secondary sexual characteristic. |
| list equivalent M & F structures for: gonads, reproductive ducts, accessory glands, external genitalia | gonads: ovaries v. testes. Ducts: epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra v. oviduct, uterus, vagina. Glands: seminal vesicles, prostrate, bulbourethral v. skene's, bartholin's. Genitalia: penis, scrotum v. vulva(labia majora&minora), clitoris |
| describe mammalian F reproductive cycle | ovarian cycle (changes to ovaries, maturation of oocyte) + menstrual cycle (changes to uterus to prep for fertilized egg, changes to cervix & breasts). All changes driven by hormones, one cycle 24-35 days |
| define mammalian estrous cycle & types | in most non-primate placental mammals, incl. reabsorption of endometrium in absence of fertilization. Types: Estrous (heat), seasonal polyestrous, short-day breeders |
| describe 3 types of mammalian estrous cycle | "heat": period of intense sexual receptivity to M, with ovulation occurring during or immediately after. Seasonal polyestrous: most only cycle during certain times of year. Short-day: cycle in fall so offspring born in resource-rich spring, ex. sheep |
| describe the 3 parts of the asexual reproductive cycle in whiptail lizards | obligate parthenogenesis: 100% F, embryos develop from unfertilized eggs that are clones of mother. Pseudocopulation: engage in mating behaviours - 1 F acts as M. Hormonal control of behaviour |
| describe hormonal control of behaviour in whiptail lizards | incl. estradiol phase (high estrogen (pre-ovulation) levels trigger F receptive behaviour) + progesterone phase (high progesterone (post-ovulation) levels trigger a switch to mounting M-like behaviour) |
| define primary & secondary sexual characteristics, and sexual selection | primary: reproductive organs (ovaries, testes, penis, uterus) & secondary: for mate acquisition (horns, colours). Sexual selection: natural selection for mating success - higher fitness w more desired characteristics |
| define intrasexual & intersexual selection | intrasexual: competition within same sex - M compete for F (deer) or F compete for M (lemur). Intersexual: F choose a M or M choose a F |
| give 5 examples of information used by F during sexual selection in regards to mate location & twice | costly characters (ex. chicken comb), body symmetry, nupital gifts, territoriality success, frogs singing |
| list 3 different mating systems. What differeniates them? | monogamy, polygyny & polyandry. Differ based on sexual dimorphism, needs of the young & certainty of paternity |
| characterize monogamous & give example | little sexual dimorphism, high certainty of paternity (one parent), extensive parental care provided, ex. Western gulls |
| characterize polygynous & give example | more ornamented M, some certainty of paternity (1 M, many F), less parental care provided, ex. Elks |
| characterize polyandry & give example | more ornamented F, little certainty of paternity (1 F, many M), less parental care provided, ex. Red-necked phalropes |
| describe mating system in side-blotched lizards & M polymorphism | orange-throat (most aggressive, large territory w many F, Kierra) beats blue-throat (mild aggressive, small territory w less F, Adrian) beats yellow-throat (non-aggressive, mimic F behaviour to sneakily mate, me) who beats blue-throat |
Created by:
AntBanana
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