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biology chapters3-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major types of work that a cell does? How does it accomplish these? | Chemical work-pushing of endergonic reactions Transport work- pumping of molecules across membranes Mechanical work-reactions that result in motion. Most of this is done by coupling endergonic reactions with exergonic ones |
| What makes ATP a good energy storage molecule? | It has three phosphates attached. The hydrolysis of these phosphate bonds releases large amount of free energy. |
| How is ATP regenerated? | After being converted to ADP or AMP, these molecules must be phosphorylated to be converted back into ATP. This requires energy from cellular respiration or for plants, from photosynthesis. |
| How do enzymes increase metobolic pathways? | Enzymes are biological catalysts. They work by lowering the activation barrier. This barrier determines rate of reaction so if it is lowered, the reaction can occur at a faster rate. |
| How do enzymes work? | The substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme. The enzyme facilitates the reaction by positioning the substrate in such a way as increase the reactability of the substrate. |
| How do temperature and pH affect enzymatic activity? | Enzymatic activity increases with increasing up to a certain temperature and then drops rapidly (enzyme begins to denature). Most enzymes function best at normal cellular pHs (6-8) but there are exceptions. |
| what is a calories? | tiny units of energy is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of (1) gram of water |
| energy | as the capcity to perform work |
| kinetic energy | the engergy of motion |
| conservation of energy | that it is not possible to destro or create energy, energy can only be converted from one form to another |
| potential energy | energy that an object has because of its location or structure |
| heat | a type of kinetic energy contained in random motion of atoms and molecules - all energy converstions create energy |
| chemical energy | -carbbohydrates, fats and gasoline -arises from the arrangement of atoms -breaks the organic feul into smaller waste molecules which have much lee chemical energy than the feul molecules releasing enegy -cells use oxygen to harvest energy |
| cellular respiration | combustion of feul in cells -gradual burning of feul( not like in cars with a great explosion) - 40% of fod energy is used fro work -60% released energy which is broken down to generate body heat - sweating enables your body to lose excessive heat |
| 1st basic functional group | nuclues, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus function in manufacturing |
| 2nd basic functional group | organelles involved in breakdown or hydrolysis of molecules- includes lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes |
| 3rd basic functional group | mitrochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing |
| 4th basic functional group | structural support, movement, and communication among cells are the functions of components of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and ell wall. |
| Active transport | Moves against gradient (up) Requires a protein Requires external energy |
| Always in motion | lipids/proteins |
| anchoring junctions | make sure cells stay together as one unit |
| ATP | continuously produced and consumed main energy source for cellular work |
| Cell drinking | Endocytosis Pinocytosis |
| Cell eating | Endocytosis Phagocytosis |
| Cell junctions | attachments to other cells/internal cytoskeleton |
| Cell theory | states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells |
| cell wall | one feature that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells. Plant cells- cellulose, rigid walls, can't expand quickly. animal cells=opposite. |
| cellular metabolism | the chemical activities of cells |
| central vacuole | hydrolytic functions like a lysosome |
| centrioles | structure in animal cells composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 and 0 pattern. |
| Channels | Extend across entire membrane Involved in transport |
| chloroplasts | photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes. |
| Cholesterol | is found between the lipid tails at normal temperatures, helps membrane retain its structure |
| prevents membrane from becoming too soft or fluid and making it more rigid | |
| Cholesterol changes | membrane rigidity changes according to the amount of-- |
| chromosomes | carry genes made of DNA |
| cilla | short numerous appendages that propel protists |
| Crenation | cell shriveling-animals |
| Cytolysis | Animal cells burst |
| cytoplasm | goo inside of cell |
| Cytoplasm | mostly water with many dissolved solutes |
| cytoskeleton | protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm of a cell |
| dynein | causes flexion in fibers to change by twisting hairs (cilia) to allow something to swin quickly |
| Electron microscope | uses a beam of electrons. It has a much greater resolution than the light microscope. It can distinguish biological structures as small as 2 nanometers. |
| endomembrane system | network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | within the cytoplasm, little net. extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cell |
| endosymbiosis | 2 organisms living together in close proximity and both are benefiting from it (one is inside the other) |
| Energy | the capacity to do work |
| Energy absorption | required for chemical reaction |
| Energy of activation | amount of energy needed in an exergonic reaction |
| Enzymes | large protein molecules functioning as biological catalysts Not used up or changed Do not add energy to cellular reaction-speeds up reaction by lowering EA barrier end in -ase often named after their substrates |
| Equilibrium is met | H2O diffuses out of cell until-- |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | animal cells produe. layer helps hold together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane. main component of ECM is glycoprotein. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Moves with gradient (down) Requires a protein Requires no external energy |
| flagella | used for motility |
| Fluid mosaic model | membrane is fluid with a mosaic of proteins |
| gap junctions | allows stuff to flow from one cell into another, little tube from once cell to another |
| glycoportein | sugar coated to deactivate so it won't eat starches or phospholipid bi-layers fibers of the extracellular matrix |
| Golgi apparatus | accepts proteins and transports them to where they need to be. it also gets rid of sugar (glyco. - protein) |
| grana | granum) chloroplast's solar power packs |
| Heat | kinetic energy of randomly moving molecules (in light captured during photosynthesis) |
| Hydrophilic | water loving |
| Hydrophobic | water fearing |
| Hypertonic Solution | having greater concentration of solute than another solution 20% salt in large molecule and 10% percent salt in small molecule is cell shrivels |
| Hypotonic Solution | having lower concentration of solute than another solution Concentration of solute molecules outside cell lower than concentration of solutes inscell expandside cell |
| Increasing unsaturated fats | at lower temperature keeps membrane more fluid |
| Inhibitors | chemical that interferes with enzyme's activity |
| integrins | span that membrane attracting on the other side to proteins connected to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton |
| intermediate filaments | made of various fibrous proteins, hold organelles in place, especially the nucleus. They also make Anchoring Junctions. |
| intermembrane space | narrow region between the inner and outer membranes |
| Isotonic Solution | two solutions containing equal concentrations of solute |
| Kinetic energy | all objects have the energy of motion aka: energy of motion |
| Light microscope | works by passing visible light through the specimen such as a microogrganism or a thin slice of animal or plant tissue |
| Lipid | soluble molecules (fats, fat-soluble vitamins, O2, CO2) diffuse directly thru lipid bilayer because they can dissolve |
| lysosome | consists of digestive enzymes enclosed in a membrane sac major membrane lipid in animals ... |
| Membrane functions | Enzymes (catalyzing intracellular and extracellular reactions) Transporters (of hydrophilic molecules) |
| Membrane proteins | Bind to cytoskeleton and/or extracellular matrix embedded to help move materials in/out of a cell |
| Membranes | are fluid and have consistency of vegetable oil organize chemical activities of cells |
| Membranes solidify | if temperature decreases to a critical point |
| metazoan | multi -cellular organism |
| microfilaments | actin filaments, stabilize cell membrane |
| microtubules | straight hollow tubes composed of globular proteins called tubulines. Microtubules control the shape of the cell |
| mitochondria | (power plant for cell-does most thigns for cell) organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells, converting the chemical energy of foods such as sugars to the chemical energy of a molecule called ATP |
| mitochondrial matrix | contains the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration. |
| Nonpolar lipid tails | effective barrier to flow of most hydrophilic molecules but allows passage of hydrophobic molecules inner part of plasma membrane (protected by phosphate heads) Sandwiched inside bilayer |
| nucleoid | DNA of a prokaryotic cell is coiled into a region |
| nucleotis | center of nucleus which holds DNA and where ribosomes turn messenger RNA into proteins |
| nucleus | library-keeps DNA/info necessary for everything in cell to function |
| Passive transport | cross membrane with no input of energy by the cell Moves with gradient (down) Requires no protein Requires no external energy |
| peroxisome | organelle that is not part of the endomembrane system but is involved in various metabolic functions |
| Phospholipid | lipid with two fatty acid tails attached to phosphate head always in motion |
| Phospholipid bilayer | double layer of phosphate heads |
| Plasma membrane | helps maintain homeostasis by controlling what may enter or leave cell maintains balance by being semi permeable control passage of molecules from one side of membrane to other PM provide reaction surfaces, and organize keeps internal concentration |
| plasmodesma | act like gap junctions in animal cells |
| Plasmolysis | cell shriveling-plants |
| Polar phosphate heads | face watery fluids inside/ outside cell makes up waterproof part of plasma membrane |
| Pores | Water/small water-soluble molecules/ ions can move through |
| Potential energy | stored capacity to perform work |
| Proteins channels and pores are forms of-- | |
| drift laterally across membrane | |
| found in and on membrane & form pattern (mosaics) | |
| makes the membrane a mosaic of functions | |
| some drift laterally, but slower than lipids | |
| Receptors signal transduction | |
| ribosomes turn messenger RNA into proteins | |
| ribosomes turn messenger RNA into proteins (brown spots on nucleus) | |
| rough ER has ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane | |
| Scanning electron microscope used to study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces. | |
| secretory vessicle ball that buds off of smooth or rough ER (transports proteins in packages) and gets it to the Golgi apparatus | |
| Semi permeable selectively permeable | |
| Simple diffusion simplest type of passive transport | |
| no input of energy required by cell | |
| driven by molecule's kinetic energy that keep them in constant motion | |
| motion is from area of greater to area of lower concentration | |
| smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes | |
| Solutes small enough to pass through pores (some small ions such as Cl-), but not through membrane itself | |
| Solutes or fluids outside plasma membrane brought into cytoplasm ... | |
| stroma contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes | |
| Surroundings rest of universe | |
| System collection of matter | |
| Thermodynamics study of energy transformations that occur in matter | |
| thylakoids inside the chloroplast-network of interconnected sacs | |
| tight junctions the membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, knit together by proteins. ways cells connect with other cells (stick together) | |
| Transmission electron microscope used to study the detail of internal cell strucutre. | |
| vacuoles membranous sacs that have a variety of functions | |
| vesicles sacs made of membrane | |
| Water diffuses in & out of cell at equal rates (no net movement) cell remains the same |
Created by:
fakhri
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