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Biom 2000 Mid 1
homeostasis, nervous sys, muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Claude Bernards (1813-1878) 3 main concepts? | Homeostasis: 1)internal enviro (blood) separated from the external by skin 2)specialized organ systems allow movemnt of chemicals from external to internal(oxygen) or from in to ex (waste) 3)blood is constant= stable conditions necessary for cell function |
| Who is Walter Cannon? | -coined the term homeostasis to describe the relative stability of blood serum (dynamic state of equilibrium |
| What specialized organ systems are the portals for the movement of chemicals from the environment into the organism or out of the organism into the environment | lungs kidneys and GI tract |
| The lung system moves which chemicals from the organism to the environment and from the environment to the organism? | oxygen in to the internal environment and carbon dioxide and water out |
| The digestive tract moves which chemicals from the organism to the environment and from the environment to the organism? | nutrients and water in, some waste out |
| The kidney moves which chemicals from the organism to the environment and from the environment to the organism? | urea salts and water are moved out to the external environment |
| Heat generated by metabolism is lost how | through the skin |
| The system not involved in homeostasis is? | testis and ovary (need to function on own cycle) |
| what are the major systems involved in homeostasis? | skin, cardiovascular, renal (kidney), digestive, respiratory, musculoskeletal |
| What are the regulated factors for homeostasis | water, electrolytes (pH), Nitrogenous compounds, oxygen, CO2, temperature, nutrients, tissue toxicant levels |
| Homeostatic control relies on a variable (the factor being regulated) plus what 3 components? | 1) Receptor - constant monitoring 2) control center (determines set point, analysis, response) 3) effector - causes the response most systems operate in a negative feedback manner (shut things off) |
| What is the hypothalamus responsible for? | regulating body temperature |
| What is physiology? | -the study of the nature of things, how the cells,tissues and organs of the body function -the study of the organ systems that maintain homeostasis - the study of the processes that organ systems use to carry out their function |
| Why is physiology of interest to us? | its one of the core disciplines of medicine, it is essential for understanding how the human body works in sickness and health |
| what are the inorganic compounds | water, salt, acids and bases |
| Where do all physiological processes take place? | an aqueous medium |
| water can exist in two forms? | H2O, OH- (hydroxyl ion) + H+ (hydrogen ion) |
| The body is made up of how much water? | 72% |
| The functions of water in the body? | High heat capacity (sun exposure), solvent (salts and other solutes), chemical reactivity (hydrolysis-food breakdown), cushioning (CS fluid around brain) |
| Name 3 common electrolytes | NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 |
| electrolytes dissolve in water and do what? | dissociate into electrically charged ions |
| The 3 main classes of organic molecules are | Carbs lipids proteins |
| What are the monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| What are polysaccharides | many simple sugars joined together in a long branching chain (polymer) to form complex carbs such as starch, glycogen and cellulose |
| Carbohydrates AND lipids consist of what elements? | C, H, O |
| Fats | store En, triglycerides are a major component of fats (3 FA chains +glycerol) |
| cholesterol | a component of cell membranes, essential for the production of steroids |
| Where do we get cholesterol from | 85% of total body cholesterol is synthesized within the body tissues, 15% from diet (cheese, egg yolk, beef, pork, shrimp, poultry |
| Phospholipid | the major component of cell membranes |
| What are phospholipids made up of | phosphate head, glycerol, 2 fatty acids |
| what are the 3 major categories of fats? | fats, cholesterol, phospholipids |
| How many amino acids are in a protein? | 20 |
| primary protein structure | a chain of amino acids with an amino end and carbonyl end |
| secondary structure | alpha helix and beta pleated sheet |
| Tertiary structure | a single protein subunit folded with sheets hydrogen bonded and salt bridged together in a ball |
| Quaternary structure | several protein subunits |
| Proteins comprise ___% of the body | over 50% |
| The roles of protein in the body? | - contractile muscle filaments (microfilaments and microtubules = structural proteins), cytoskeleton, enzymes (functional protein), some hormones, antibodies (proteins with Y structure) |
| Functions of an enzyme | - catalyze reactions, bring reagents together to allow chemical reactions to occur that would otherwise occur very slowly or not at all |
| Energy from food is released how? | by oxidizing the nutrients |
| The chemical EN released from nutrients is transferred to what? | The intracellular EN shuttle molecule ATP (when not holding EN it is in ADP form) |
| WHere is ATP made? | mitochondria (the EN supply source in the cell) |
| Path of EN? Sources? | Sources = Amino Acids, FA, glycerol, glucose ; get broken down in cytoplasm into intermediate mlcs and shuttled to the mitochondrion where ADP gets EN (phosphate mlc) and = ATP |
| DNA vs RNA | both are sugar phosphate backbone compounds, DNA is double helix, RNA is single, DNA includes thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine, RNA has uracil instead of thymine |
| Where in a cell is DNA present | Nucleus (DNA contains the genes that encode for the cell proteins) |
| A section of DNA that carries a protein code in sequences of nucleotide bases | Gene |
| how many genes in the human genome? | 30-40,000 |
| mRNA | single stranded, produced in nucleus and moves to cytoplasm - decides something needs to be made |
| mRNA interacts with rRNA and tRNA where? | in the ribosomes of the ER |
| rRNA | oversees the assembly of the encoded protein |
| tRNA | delivers the amino acids used to assemble the protein |
| Animal cells have 3 major components | nucleus, cytoplasm with organelles, plasma membrane |
| see p. 15 unit one | j |
| what contains the genetic material | nucleus |
| the genetic material is seperated from the cytoplasm by what | nuclear membrane |
| What is the site of protein synthesis | RER |
| Golgi apparatus | the site of protein packaging into granules or vesicles |
| secretory vesicles | contain proteins that will be secreted by the cell (exocytosis) |
| Secretory vesicles that are lysosomes contain what? | lysosomes contain enzymes that digest intracellular materials |
| Once proteins get made in the RER and packaged in the golgi apparatus they ? | either are excreted by the cell via secretory vesicles or are enzymes that digest intracellular materials |
| what is the site of lipid synthesis | SER |
| The site of ATP formation | mitochondria |
| THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IS MADEE UP OF | - double phospholipid layer, cholesterol, proteins, and intracellular microfilaments, it also contains microvilli, and membrane junctions that hold the cells together |
| 3 types of membrane junctions | desmosomes - anchoring junction, gap junctions -communicating, tight junction - impermeable |
| Passive simple diffusion | small solute molecules such as oxygen move from a high concentration to a low concentration (down [gradient] through a semi-permeable membrane(some small molecules can only move through channels= restricted diffusion) |
| osmosis | is the diffusion of solvent(water) across the semipermeable membrane (some water moves through the membrane while some moves through water channels (aquaporins) - it will move to the more salty side |
| Isotonic | equal concentrations inside and out |
| hypotonic | low concentration of solute outside the cell (causes cell to get bug and burst) |
| hypertonic | high concentration of solute outside the cell (causes cell to shrivel) |
| what are the outer and inner layers of the skin called | outer layer= epidermis - produces oily substance =sebum, lower layer = dermis |
| 2 main froms of carrier mediated transport? | primary active transport: (of ions) - directly uses ATP as EN source Secondary active transport (of organic mlcs)-indirectly uses ATP as EN source |
| Primary active transport of ions | Ions are actively moved against their [gradient] ATP provides the EN, the transporter has enzyme activity that allows it to pull a high EN phosphate of ATP to release the EN |
| explain the co transporter of sodium and potassium | It is primary active transport (move against [gradient]: The co-transporter is called sodium potassium dependent ATPase (it transports 3 Na+ for 2K+ ions) see p.21 unit 1 *NOTE* Na+ & K+ can diffuse back through the membrane via their specific channels |
| Secondary active transport | the co transport of Na+ and organic molecules into cells (p.22 unit 1) - the inward flow of Na+ through its transport protein represents an electrical current that energizes the cotransport of organic molcs such as amino acids |
| Ultrafiltration of water and dissolved materials across membranes | water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) - blood plasma is filtered into kidney tubules as the first stage in the production of urine. |
| two forms of bulk transport of large molecules | endocytosis: into a cell, ex. white blood cells consume bacteria; exocytosis: out of a cell ex. secretion of hormones |
| tWO forms of endocytosis | phagocytosis - phagosome (cell eating), pinocytosis- membrane vesicle (cell drinking) |
| The unequal distribution of Na+ and K+ of a cell causes? | the inside of a cell to be negatively charged compared to the outside - The resting membrane potential of a cell is therefore 40-70mV |
| discharge of the resting potential in a nerve cell results in what? | an action potential (discharges of the resting membrane potential (called DEPOLARIZATIONS) are the signals (nerve impulses used by nerve cells |
| When do depolarizations occur | they are electrical signals that occur when a stimulus causes Na+ channels in the membrane to open and Na+ rapidly enters the cell down it's [gradient] see p. 24 unit 1 |
| depolarizations of the membrane in a nerve cell is called ? | action potential |
| how does an action potential travel down a neuron | The action potential travels from the dendrite, to the cell body, down the axon, to the axon terminal(synapse) |
| what is the myelin sheath formed by? | the myelin sheath is formed by schwann cells wrapping around the axon as a form of insulation |
| Where are action potentials found in myelinated axons | in myelinated axons, action potentials are only found in gaps in the myelin sheath known as the NODES OF RANVIER - this jumping of the AP along the axon from node to node is called saltatory conduction |
| what are the 2 benefits of having a myelin sheath so that saltatory conduction can occur | - results in rapid transfer of the signal, and reduces the EN needed to reinstate the resting potential |
| synapses contain vesicles of specific chemicals called what? | neurotransmitter substance (ex. adrenaline) ---action potentials arriving at the synapse cause the controlled release of neurotransmitter substance |
| Synapses and neurotransmitter substance release | see p.26 unit 1 |
| when neurotransmitter substance is released out of the synapse it stimulates what | neurotransmitter substance activates receptor proteins (Na+ ion channels) in the membrane of the cell to be stimulated |
| what happens when neurotransmitter substance activates receptor proteins | The receptor proteins are Na+ ion channels that open when activated. Na+ ions flood into the cell causing depolarization of the cell membrane. The NTS is immediately broken down and the Na+ channel closes. see p.26 unit 1 |
| Different neurons use different neurotransmitter substances. Deficiency or excess of NTS has been associated with various disease states | Acetylcholine - botulism, curare; Dopamine - schizophenia, parkinsons; Epinephrine; seratonin- depression; glutamte- strokes, autism; GABA - tetanus toxin |
| defiecency or excess of neurotransmitter substances: acetylcholine | Acetylcholine - botulism, curare; Dopamine - schizophenia, parkinsons; Epinephrine; seratonin- depression; glutamte- strokes, autism; GABA - tetanus toxin |
| defiecency or excess of neurotransmitter substances:dopamine | Acetylcholine - botulism, curare; Dopamine - schizophenia, parkinsons; Epinephrine; seratonin- depression; glutamte- strokes, autism; GABA - tetanus toxin |
| defiecency or excess of neurotransmitter substances: serotonin | Acetylcholine - botulism, curare; Dopamine - schizophenia, parkinsons; Epinephrine; seratonin- depression; glutamte- strokes, autism; GABA - tetanus toxin |
| defiecency or excess of neurotransmitter substances: glutamate | Acetylcholine - botulism, curare; Dopamine - schizophenia, parkinsons; Epinephrine; seratonin- depression; glutamte- strokes, autism; GABA - tetanus toxin |
| defiecency or excess of neurotransmitter substances: GABA | Acetylcholine - botulism, curare; Dopamine - schizophenia, parkinsons; Epinephrine; seratonin- depression; glutamte- strokes, autism; GABA - tetanus toxin |
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MichBo
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