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Chemical Systems
Neurobiology Chemical Systems from Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are chemoreceptors? | Chemically sensitive cells detecting change in internal state |
| What is receptor potential and what does it do? | Receptor potential are depolarizing membrane potential changes in taste receptor cells that cause voltage gated sodium channels to open, releasing neurotransmitters. |
| What neurotransmitters do salty/sour taste cells release? | serotonin |
| What neurotransmitters do sweet/savory taste cells release? | ATP |
| How are taste signals communicated to the brain stem? | Taste receptor transmitters excite postsynaptic sensory axons which cause them to fire action potentials. |
| What is the main organ of taste and what is its structure? | The main organ is the tongue it is composed of papillae within papillae are taste buds each taste bud has taste receptor cells taste receptor cells are surrounded by basal cells and a set of gustatory afferent axons |
| How does taste detection work? | A concentration acceptable for detection will evoke a taste perception, where papillae will be sensitive to one basic taste, with other papillae being desensitized |
| Is there preference for taste on taste cells and gustatory axons | yes |
| What is transduction in respect to taste? | an electrical response in sensory receptor cells due to an environmental stimulus. |
| How does transduction of taste work? | there are several different processes taste stimuli may use - passing through ion channels - binding and blocking channels - binding to G protein coupled receptors in membrane activating second messenger systems that open channels |
| What mechanisms are used to detect sodium concentrations? | A sodium selective channel that generates action potentials |
| How do the sodium channels associated with sodium channels work? | Sodium raises outside of the receptor cell gradient becomes larger sodium will diffuse down the gradient flowing into cell causes depolarization/receptor potential voltage gated sodium and calcium channels open near synaptic vesicles releasing neurot |
| Why do foods taste sour? | their high acidity generate protons |
| What is the pathway believed to be used by sour taste reception? | Hydrogen binds and blocks special potassium channels Decrease of permeability causes depolarization Hydrogen may also activate transient receptor potential channels TRP channels can also depolarize sour receptor cells |
| What do salty and sour taste receptors have in common? | They transduction pathways use protons that pass through channels |
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