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bChapter 2 Science
Did you try the medicine drug?
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestive system | Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. Consists of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. |
| Mechanical digestion | Physically breaks down food (e.g. chewing, muscle contraction) |
| Chemical digestion | Enzymes breaking molecules into smaller parts |
| Respiratory system | Gets oxygen from the air when inhaling and removes waste gases when exhaling. Delivers oxygen to the bloodstream. |
| Oxygen is essential for... | Aerobic cellular respiration, which releases ATP energy for cell processes |
| Rib cage | Surrounds the lungs and protects them. Muscles in between assist with raising the ribcage up and down when breathing. |
| Diaphragm | A muscle that separates the lungs from the abdomen and works by contracting to increase volume in the chest cavity when inhaling. |
| Inhalation through the nose | When air is breathed in, it comes mostly in the nose, where it is warmed, moistened and cleaned within the nasal cavity. Large dust particles are filtered by hairs in the nose. Smaller particles and some bacteria are trapped by cilia. |
| Gas exchange from trachea to alveoli | Air goes through the nose then passes down the trachea, which divides into two bronchi. The bronchi divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which end in clusters of sacs called alveoli, which is covered in capillaries where gas exchange occurs. |
| Circulatory system | Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and other nutrients to and from cells. It is composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood. It is a double system. (lungs and body) |
| Blood carries: | Oxygen, nutrients, water, wastes such as CO2 and urea |
| Heart | A four chambered organ made of cardiac muscle that doesn't get tired and pumps blood throughout the body. |
| Septum | Thick wall of muscle that separates the left and right sides of the heart, preventing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from being mixed |
| What happens when plaque builds up in coronary arteries? | The width of blood vessels are reduced, reducing the supply of blood to heart muscles. This stops the mitochondria from producing energy and the heart muscle tissue cannot pump blood, leading to a heart attack. |
| Bronchioles contain special cells called... | Epithelial cells that have cilia that sweep any dust and debris |
| Trachea | A tube with thin walls which are reinforced with rings made of cartilage, preventing your trachea from collapsing as you breathe in |
| Root system | Absorbs water and minerals; anchors plant |
| Shoot system | Stems, leaves and flowers; processes such as photosynthesis and reproduction |
| Transport system (vascular) | A system of hollow tubes or vessels that transport water and nutrients around an organism |
| Xylem | A long narrow cylindrical structure contained in the stems that transport water and minerals *upwards* from roots to leaves |
| Phloem | Transports sugars (glucose/sucrose) from sources (leaves) to sinks |
| Sinks | Growing parts e.g. roots, fruits |
| Tube like tissues allow... | Long-distance transport |
| Photosynthesis | Chlorophyll captures sunlight energy. This energy is used to split water molecules and carbon dioxide is used to create glucose for the plant. Oxygen is also created as a by-product, which is released into the atmosphere via stomata. |
| Transpiration | Evaporation of water from leaves. The passive movement of water through a plant and its evaporation frm the leaves. |
| The higher the temperature or air flow is... | The higher the rate of transpiration |
| The rate of transpiration decreases when... | The surrounding air is humid (moist) |
| How do roots efficiently absorb water? | Root hairs on the outer layer increase the surface area for water uptake. |
| Stomata | What allows gas exchange to occur, mainly carbon dioxide to enter the plant and for oxygen to be released by the plant |
| Autotroph | Can make their own energy |
| Heterotroph | Needs to consume their energy from other sources |
| Cellular respiration | A series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide and water. |
| Vascular tissues | Moves substances to areas that need specific nutrients, gases and other molecules |
| Flow of blood from the right ventricle | Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body, vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle |
| Causes of organ dysfunction | Genetic, infection, lifestyle choices, poor diet, environmental, unknown |
| Excretory system | Removes waste from the cells that would otherwise be toxic and could cause cell death. Main organs include kidneys and bladder. |
| When you inhale... | Lungs expand, air pressure in them decreasesed and muscles between the ribs contract. Air is sucked to fill up extra space, and air pressure inside the lungs will equal to the air pressure outside the body. Opposite for exhale. |
| How is the circulatory system a double system? | In one circuit, blood flows from the heart to the body and back to the heart. In the second circuit, blood flows from the heart to the lugns and back again. |
| Blood consists of... | A clear yellow liquid called plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets |
| Arteries | Carry blood away from the heart to other areas of the body. They have thick muscular walls to handle the high pressure from the heart that helps push the blood along. |
| Veins | Veins carry blood towards the heart from other areas of the body. They are less muscular than arteries because they are under less pressure. Most veins must carry blood back to the heart against gravity as blood moves from the feet to the heart. |
| Why do veins have valves? | To help prevent the backflow of blood. |
| Capillaries | Lies between arteries and veins and carry blood through the tissues to deliver oxygen, glucose and nutrients to the cells. They are microscopic, one cell thick and have a very thin wall that surrounds them. |
| Excretory system pathway | Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
| How does the excretory system link to other systems? | Circulatory system delivers waste to kidneys, digestive system provides water and salts and the excretory system balances them |
| What would happen if the respitory system failed? | The respitory system would be unable to take in enough oxygen, so the heart would not have enough oxygen to pump blood. The heart would then be unable to supply the body with oxygenated blood that is necessary for the function of other muscles and organs. |
| Coronary arteries | Major arteries |
| Leaves | Includes a detailed network of veins that contain xylem tissue, allowing water to transport from the stem to the photosynthetic cells in the leaf |
Created by:
thesomething
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