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reproduction pt 1
biol 1210: introduction to reproduction & plant reproduction part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define reproduction & give 2 types | the biological process by which new individual organisms (offspring) are produced from their parent(s) - fundamental feature of all life. Types: asexual & sexual |
| describe asexual reproduction | creation of offspring without fusion of an egg + sperm. Only requires one parent & offspring are genetically identical to their parent (clones). Completed by mitosis |
| describe sexual reproduction | creation of offspring with the fusion of an egg + sperm -> zygote. Needs 2 parents or 1 hermaphrodite & offspring are genetically different from their parent(s). |
| contrast asexual & sexual reproduction based on: # of parents required, formation of gametes, fertilization, genetic composition of offspring, # of offspring and time | asexual: 1 parent, no formation of gametes, no fertilization, offspring are clones, produces many offspring in short time. Sexual: 2 or 1 parents, formation of gametes, fertilization, offspring genetically unique, produces fewer offspring in longer time |
| advantages/disadvantages of Asexual reproduction | ADV: well-adapted clones r beneficial in stable environments, higher rate of reproduction, offspring mature at birth or soon after, dense clones keep out competition. DAV: change in environmental conditions can lead to extinction - no genetic diversity |
| advantages/disadvantages of Sexual reproduction | ADV: genetic variability allows for better survival upon changes in the environment. DAV: due to needing to find a mate, parenting, meiosis, etc. it takes a long time, is risky & energetically expensive |
| types of asexual reproduction | binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis |
| describe binary fission & example organism | an individual splits into 2+ descendants of similar size. Ex. anemones |
| describe budding & example organism | a new individual arises from the outgrowth (bud) of a part of a cell or body region -> separation from original organism -> 2 individuals. Ex. hydras, corals |
| describe fragmentation & example organism | body is broken into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults, must be accompanied by regeneration = re-growth of lost body parts. Ex. planaria! :3, starfish |
| describe parthenogenesis & example organism | eggs develop without being fertilized by a sperm, resulting in either (n) or (2n) progeny. Only females/hermaphrodites, offspring aren't 100% clones, seen in populations w no males. Ex. bees, komodo dragons, bonnethead sharks |
| describe sexual life cycle & (bonus) draw life cycle of an animal and a plant (fern) | in animals & plants, involves a diploid & haploid phase of life. (2n) adult produces (n) gametes thru meiosis, gametes fuse thru fertilization to form (2n) zygote, which grows to mature adult thru mitosis |
| draw/describe the general life cycle for plants | (2n) sporophyte produces spores (n) thru meiosis -> spores grow into (n) gametophyte thru mitosis -> gametophyte produces (n) gametes that fuse thru fertilization to form (2n) zygote -> mitosis -> mature sporophyte again |
| differences btwn animal & plant life cycles | in plants, (2n) is called sporophyte, (n) stage is called gametophyte, both of which are multicellular; in animals, only (2n) is multicellular. Plant meiosis produces spores whereas in animals, meiosis produces gametes |
| general characteristics of mosses | live in wet habitats - close to rivers, lakes or w lots of rainfall, non-vascular, no seeds, flowers or fruits, small & short. Dominant living phase is gametophyte (n), reliant on water for sperm to travel to egg. |
| describe moss sexual life cycle | sporangium on gametophyte -> spores -> gametophyte develop archegonia & antheridia on separate individuals -> sperm swims to archegonium -> fertilization -> zygote is small, dependent, lives in archegonium and grows until emerging as sporangium |
| general characteristics of ferns | live in wet habitats, vascular, no seeds, flowers or fruits. Dominant living phase is sporophyte (2n) |
| describe fern sexual life cycle | thru meiosis, sporangium (sori) on sporophyte produce spores -> independent gametophyte develop archegonia & antheridia on same organism -> sperm swim to archegonium -> fertilization -> zygote develops into larger, independent sporophyte |
| general characteristics of gymnosperms | live in cold and/or arid habitats w little accessible water, vascular, have seeds but no flowers or fruits. Dominant phase is very tall, long-living sporophyte, gametophytes are microscopic and short-lived |
| advantages of seeds | have a supply of stored food, may be transported long distances by wind or animals, may remain dormant for days to years until conditions r favourable for germination, as cued by changes in moisture, temperature or light |
| describe pollination in gymnosperms from pollen cone to ovulate cone | most have both ovulate (F) & pollen (M) cones on same organism. Microsporocytes in microsporangium on pollen cone -> meiosis -> microspores form pollen grains, pollination when pollen grain reaches ovule on ovulate cone, forming pollen tube |
| describe what happens in ovulate cone of gymnosperm after pollination | while the pollen tube digests thru the megasporangium, megasporocyte undergoes meiosis -> 4 (n) cells, one of which forms megaspore. Megaspore forms F gametophyte w 2-3 archegonia, each forming an egg (n) cell |
| describe fertilization in gymnosperms | once eggs are mature in the ovule, sperm cells in the pollen tube reach F gametophyte & fertilization occurs, often a year+ after pollination. All eggs may be fertilization, but only 1 zygote forms an embryo -> other become parts of the resulting seed |
| general characteristics of angiosperms | live anywhere & everywhere - most diverse group of plants, vascular, have seeds, flowers & fruits. Dominant phase is large (2n) sporophyte, ranging from tree to grass height, gametophytes are microscopic & short-lived |
| describe anatomy of a flower & draw/label all parts of a flower | the reproductive organ of angiosperms, most have both M & F structures, may be bisexual (have both ovaries & stamen in same flower) or unisexual (have M & F flowers on the same individual or on different individuals). see notes for diagram |
| Describe the formation of the female gametophyte in angiosperms | In the megasporangium of each ovule, the megasporocyte divides thru meiosis -> 4 megaspores, 1 surviving -> mitosis to F gametophyte, which consists of integuments enclosing an antipodal cell, 2 polar nuclei, an egg cell & 2 synergids |
| Describe the formation of the male gametophyte in angiosperms | In the anther of each flower stamen, each microsporangium has many microsporocytes, each dividing by meiosis -> 4 microspores -> develops into pollen grain, with generative cell that divides -> 2 sperm & tube cell. |
| Describe pollination in angiosperms | Transference of pollen to a carpel to allow fertilization, carried out by animals or wind. When pollen reaches stigma, tube cell produces pollen tube that elongates thru style & discharges 2 sperm once reaching an ovule. |
| Describe fertilization in angiosperms | Double fertilization occurs as 1 sperm fertilizes the egg -> zygote and other sperm fuses at the central cell, forming endosperm. Zygote develops into embryo which is packed along w endosperm into a seed. Once seed germinates, embryo grows into sporophyte |
| Why is it called double fertilization in angiosperms? What results? | Each pollen grain carries 2 sperm cells which both enter F gametophyte and both fuse with nuclei. One fuses with egg to form 2n zygote, other fuses with 2 polar nuclei in central cell to form 3n endosperm |
| Describe the development origin of fruits and name the types of fruits | Fruits protect the seed are used as mechanism of dispersion by ingestion. Simple fruit, aggregate fruit, multiple fruit, accessory fruit |
| Development of each of the types of fruit, w examples | Simple: forms from 1 ovary of 1 flower, ex. Pea. Aggregate: forms from several ovaries of 1 flower, ex. Raspberry. Multiple: from ovaries of several flowers, of often w inflourence, ex. Pineapple. Accessory: from ovary(s) & other floral parts, ex. Apple |
| Describe evolutionary advantages of reduced gametophytes | Spore & gametophyte retained in sporophyte, protected from UV & desiccation and since gametophytes & spores are haploid, they r more sensitive to mutations than other stages, so important to protect them. |
| Define cotyledon & the two types of angiosperms | Cotyledon: a ready-made leaf that is contained in the seed; the first to emerge when a seed germinates. Types: monocots, w 1 cotyledon & eudicots, w 2 cotyledons |
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AntBanana
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