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BIO - Test 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Community ecology | Understand how species interact with each other and compete for the same resource |
| Ecological community | consists of all the populations of all the different species that live together in a particular area |
| Interspecific interactions | Interactions between different species in a community |
| Interspecific competition | Members of two different species use the same limited resource and therefore compete for it |
| Predator-prey dynamics | Interactions between predator and prey populations that influence each other's growth |
| Herbivory | Consumption of plants by insects and other animals |
| Defense mechanisms against predation and herbivory | Mechanical, Chemical, physical, behavioral |
| Mechanical defense | thorns on plants or the hard shell on turtles |
| Chemical defense | foxglove which is extremely toxic when eaten |
| Physical defense | body shape and coloration; camouflage |
| Behavioral defense | playing dead and traveling in large groups |
| Camouflage | Avoiding detection by blending in with the background. |
| Aposematic coloration | Signal to predators that they are harmful or unpleasant to eat |
| Batesian mimicry | Harmless species evolves to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species to trick predators |
| Müllerian mimicry | Multiple species that are well-defended and have similar predators look similar to each other |
| Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry | Dangerous species mimics the warning signs of a less dangerous species |
| Competitive exclusion principle | Different species cannot coexist in a community if they are competing for all the same resources |
| Symbiotic relationship | Close interactions between individuals of different species over an extended period of time which impact the abundance and distribution of the associating populations |
| Three main types of symbiotic relationships | Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism |
| Mutualism | Association between organisms of two different species in which each benefits |
| Commensalism | One species benefits from the close, prolonged interaction, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed |
| Parasitism | Organism that lives in or on another living organism and derives nutrients from it |
| Characteristics of communities | Structure and dynamics |
| Structure | the types and numbers of species present |
| Dynamics | how communities change over time |
| Foundation species | Usually the primary producers: organisms that bring most of the energy into the community |
| Biodiversity | A community’s biological complexity |
| species richness | The number of different species in a particular area |
| species evenness | relative abundance of different species in a particular area |
| Relative abundance | Number of individuals in a species relative to the total number of organisms within a habitat, ecosystem, or biome |
| Keystone species | Presence is key to maintaining biodiversity within an ecosystem and to upholding an ecological community’s structure. |
| Invasive species | a non-native organism that can threaten the ecosystem balance of that habitat |
| Community dynamics | Changes in community structure and composition over time |
| Succession | Sequential appearance and disappearance of species in a community over time |
| Primary succession | newly exposed or newly formed land is colonized by living things. |
| Secondary succession | part of an ecosystem is disturbed and remnants of the previous community remain |
| Primary succession example | when lava cools and creates new rocks |
| Pioneer species | First organisms that colonize the newly formed barren lava rock after an eruption |
| Common elements associated with organic molecules | Phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen sulfur |
| Biogeochemical cycles | Describe the flow of elements from the environment through living things and back to the environment |
| Biogeochemical cycles - what does it do? | keep essential elements available to plants and other organisms |
| Reservoirs | Places where the elements are accumulated or held |
| Assimilation | Transfer of elements from the abiotic into the biotic |
| Release | Transfer of elements from the biotic back into the abiotic |
| Hydrosphere (water cycle) | Total amount of water on a planet |
| Hydrosphere includes.... | Includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air |
| Hydrosphere-Reservoirs | Open water (oceans, lakes, rivers) Water vapor (clouds, fog), ground water, glaciers, snow, ice |
| Hydrosphere- Assimilation | Plants (absorb water from the ground), animals (drink water) |
| Hydrosphere- Release | Plants (transpiration from leaves), animals (breathing releases water vapor) |
| Carbon cycle | the continuous process by which carbon atoms move and recycle between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, rocks, and living organisms |
| Carbon cycle- Reservoir | The atmosphere, fossil fuels, organic materials |
| Carbon cycle- Assimilation | Plants use co2 in photosynthesis, animals consume plants |
| Carbon cycle- Release | Plants release CO2 during respiration and decomposition, animals release CO2 during breathing |
| Nitrogen cycle | the continuous process by which nitrogen moves between the atmosphere, soil, water, and living organisms |
| Nitrogen cycle- Reservoirs | In atmosphere as N2, in soil as NH4 or nitrate |
| Nitrogen cycle- Assimilation | Plants can absorb either NH4+ or NO3, Animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other animals |
| Nitrogen Fixation | Some bacteria turn N2 to NH4+, Lightning and radiation turn N2 to NO3 |
| Nitrification | Some bacteria turn NH4+ to NO2- then to NO3 |
| Nitrogen cycle- Release | Denitrifying bacteria change NO3- back to N2, Animals excrete NH4+ or NH3 in their urine |
| Phosphorus cycle | Occurs in nature as the phosphate ion |
| Phosphorus cycle- Reservoir | Sediment and rocks contain phosphorus |
| Phosphorus cycle- Assimilation | Plants absorb inorganic phosphate from the soil |
| Phosphorus cycle- Release | Plants release phosphorus when they decompose |
| Sulfur cycle | Sulfur is essential to all living things. |
| Sulfur cycle- Reservoir | Rocks and minerals, ocean sediments, soil, atmosphere |
| Sulfur cycle- Assimilation | Plants and microbes absorbs sulfate from soil, animals obtain sulfur by consuming plants |
| Sulfur cycle- Release | Decomposition when organisms die, decomposer bacteria break down organic sulfur compounds, releasing hydrogen sulfide back into soil/water |
| Ecosystem | a community of living organisms and their interactions with their abiotic environment |
| Ecosystems categories | Ocean, freshwater, terrestrial |
| Ecosystem equilibrium | steady state of an ecosystem where all organisms are in balance |
| resistance | ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium in spite of disturbances |
| Resilience | speed at which an ecosystem recovers equilibrium after being disturbed |
| Food chain | a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass |
| Types of food chain | primary producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers |
| Each organism in a food chain occupies a | trophic levels |
| Food web | Graphic representation of a holistic, nonlinear web of primary producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers |
| Grazing food web | has plants or other photosynthetic organisms at its base, followed by herbivores and various carnivores |
| Detrital food web | consists of a base of organisms that feed on decaying organic matter (dead organisms), called decomposers or detritivores |
| Ecosystem dynamics | Study of the changes in ecosystem structure caused by changes in the environment (disturbances) or by internal forces |
| Holistic ecosystem model | attempts to quantify the composition, interaction, and dynamics of entire ecosystems |
| Mesocosm | enclosed environments that allow a small part of a natural environment to be observed under controlled conditions |
| Microcosm | ecosystem recreation in an indoor or outdoor laboratory environment |
| Conceptual model | Ecosystem model that consists of flow charts to show interactions of different compartments of the living and nonliving components of the ecosystem |
| Analytical model | ecosystem model that is created using simple mathematical formulas to predict the effects of environmental disturbances on ecosystem structure and dynamics |
| Simulation model | ecosystem model that is created using complex computer algorithms to holistically model ecosystems and to predict the effects of environmental disturbances on ecosystem structure and dynamics |
| How do organisms acquire energy in a food web | Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis | convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into energy in the form of glucose and oxygen |
| Chemosynthesis | convert inorganic compounds into organic matter for food using chemical energy instead of sunlight |
| heterotrophs | Consumption and digestion of other living or previously living organisms by |
| Autotrophs | Organisms capable of synthesizing their own food |
| Photosynthetic autotrophs | use sunlight as an energy source |
| Chemosynthetic autotrophs | Use inorganic molecules as an energy source |
| Hydrothermal vents | Form at locations where seawater meets magma |
| Ecosystem productivity | Percentage of energy entering the ecosystem incorporated into biomass in a particular trophic level |
| Ecological pyramids | show the relative amounts of various parameters (such as number of organisms, energy, and biomass) across trophic levels |
| Biomagnification | increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms at each trophic level, from the primary producers to the apex consumers |
| Interspecific competition | Members of two different species use the same limited resource and therefore compete for it |
| What are the four defense mechanisms against predation and herbivory | Mechanical, physical, chemical, behavioral |
| What is batesian mimicry | Harmless species evolves to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species to trick predators |
| What is a foundation species | Organisms that bring most of the energy into the community |
| What is the difference between species richness and species evenness | Species richness is the number of different species in a community and species evenness is the relative abundance of a species |
| What are the reservoirs for the hydrosphere? | Open waters, water vapor, glaciers |
| How is carbon released back into the environment? | Plants release co2 during respiration and decomposition |
| Can plants and animals incorporate nitrogen from the atmosphere? | No |
| In what compounds is nitrogen stored in the soil | NH4+, NH3, N02, NO3 |
| Where does phosphorus naturally come from in the environment? | Rocks and sediment |
| What does resistance refer to in terms of ecosystem stability? | Ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium in spite of disturbances |
| Wht is the difference between a food chain and food web? | Food chain: simplified path of energy flow Food web: accurate representation of the complex feeding relationships within an ecosystem |
| What is a conceptual model? | Ecosystem model that consists of flow charts that show interactions of different compartments of the living and nonliving in an ecosystem |
| What is an autotroph? | Organisms capable of synthesizing their own food |
| What is biomagnification? | Increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms at each trophic level, from the primary producers to the apex consumers |
| Example of a keystone species? | Beaver, Bees, Sharks, Elephants |
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