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Midterm Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Protein | A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids. |
| Nucleic Acid | DNA and RNA |
| Animal Cell | does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole |
| Plant Cell | contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell |
| Cell Membrane | A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. |
| Ribosome | Makes proteins |
| Cytoplasm | A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| Vacuole | Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell |
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| Cell Wall | A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. |
| Golgi apparatus | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. |
| RNA | A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome |
| DNA Replication | the process of making a copy of DNA |
| RNA Transcription | Transfers DNA gene base sequence to a complementary base sequence of an mRNA |
| RNA Translation | mRNA-attaches to a ribosome. tRNA- anticodons attach to mRNA and form amino acids, which make protein |
| Prokaryote | A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| Eukaryote | organism whose cells contain nuclei |
| Mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes |
| Meiosis | Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms. Produces 4 haploid Cells. |
| negative feeback | a control system counteracts any change in the body that moves conditions above or below a set point; help maintain homeostasis (ex. water, body temperature, blood sugar levels) |
| positive feeback | the enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it. |
| logistic growth | Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth |
| exponential growth | Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate |
| karyotype | A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. |
| pedigree | A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family. |
| homozygous dominant | Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA) |
| heterozygous | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait |
| homozygous recessive | Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa) |
| Codominance | A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed |
| Incomplete Dominance | Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele (blending) |
| Multiple Alleles | three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait |
| Sex Linked Recessive | gene carried on X chromosome Ex: hemophilia and color blindness |
| antibiotic resistance | the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic |
| Diploid | (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number |
| haploid | having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| Homologous Pairs | A pair of chromosomes of the same type, one from each parent. |
| Crossing Over | Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. |
| Independent Assortment | the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes |
| Double Helix | Shape of DNA |
| Shape of Bacterial DNA | circular |
| polygenic trait | trait that is produced by two or more genes |
| asexual reproduction | Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself |
| binary fisson | type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells. (FAST) |
| budding | A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent. |
| natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. |
| Flagella | whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement |
| Ribosome | site of protein synthesis |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Part of the ER that is studded with Ribosomes. This is a site for protein modification. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Smooth part of the ER. This is the site for lipid synthesis and the synthesis of hormones. |
Created by:
cdmellon
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