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cellbio 2
membranes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| tight junctions | seal forming junctions between epithelial cells, almost no space between cells |
| desmosomes | anchor points that provide tensile strength to keep cell sheets from tearing |
| cadherins | extend to space between cells and bind to cadherins in neighboring cells |
| plaque | dense protein plate on inside of cell |
| keratin | extend from plaque deep into cytoskeleton, internal structure |
| gap junctions (animal cell) | channels between cells, ions and small particles pass thru |
| connexins | link from cell to cell to form continuous pores |
| plasmodermata (plant cell) | cytoplasm channels that pass thru rigid cell wall |
| phospholipid bilayer | phosphate groups from hydrophilic exterior and fatty acids form hydrophobic interior |
| lipid-bilayer sheets | 2-layered sheet with tails facing inward and heads facing outward, basis of membranes |
| lipid-bilayer sphere | closed sphere of bilayer that's hollow in middle |
| single layer lipid sphere | only 1 layer of phopholipids, not hollow |
| cholesterol | sit between phospholipids and adjust how tightly they're packed / how permeable |
| integral proteins | embedded in bilayer, form channels and carriers. may or may not penetrate both layers |
| gated channel protein | integral protein, forms pore in bilayer that opens and closes, no ATP used |
| peripheral proteins | attach to membrane inner or outer surface |
| carbohydrates | attach to proteins on outer membrane |
| tonicity | water moves via osmosis from higher solute concentration to lower concentration |
| hypotonic (swollen like hippo) | water moves into cell and it swells, risk of bursting. inside cell has more solute, water comes in to equalize |
| isotonic | equal solute concentration in and out of cell |
| hypertonic | water moves out of cell and it shrinks. risk of dying. outside cell has more solute, water comes out to equalize |
| carrier proteins | grab a molecule and escort it across membrane. bilayer sphere that puts thing in pocket |
| sodium-potassium pump | primary active transport, ATP energy source. sodium pumped out and potassium pumped in |
| glucose pump | secondary active transport, no ATP used. sodium comes back into cell and glucose comes in with it |
| endocytosis | plasma membrane folds to form vesicles to carry things |
| phagocytosis | cell extends psuedopods to eat thing and digest it |
| pinocytosis | cell drinks fluid from outside and brings it in |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | ligands bind to receptors on cell surface. membrane folds inward to bring ligand inside cell |
| ligand | signaling molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter, drug) that binds to specific receptor |
| autocrine signaling | cell releases signal that binds to its own receptors |
| signaling across gap junctions | no extracellular fusion, happens thru channels |
| paracrine signaling | cell releases signals that diffuse to nearby cells |
| endocrine signaling | hormones released into bloodstream to target distant specific cells |
| synapse | junction where a neuron communicates with another cell. receptors that bind to neurotransmitters |
| presynaptic cell | stores neurotransmitters to send to synapse |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers |
| lipid-solute hormone signaling | lipid-solute hormones phase right thru membrane, tells DNA what to do |
| water-soluble hormone signaling | need to be transported thru membrane, turn enzymes on and off |
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