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Lab Exam #3 Guide
Nutrition, Metabolism & Energy Balance
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is a nutrient? | A substance the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair. |
| What are macronutrients? | Nutrients that make up most of what we eat. |
| What are micronutrients? | Nutrients required in only minute amounts. |
| What are essential nutrients? | Nutrients required from the diet that cannot be synthesized by the body. |
| Name the main types of nutrients. | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals. |
| What is metabolism? | The sum of all biochemical reactions in the body. |
| What is mastication? | Chewing (mechanical breakdown of food). |
| What is peristalsis? | Wave-like contractions that move food through the esophagus to large intestine. |
| What is segmentation? | Mixing contractions in the small and large intestine. |
| What are enzymes? | Large protein molecules that act as biological catalysts to speed up reactions. |
| What do digestive enzymes do? | Break down food using hydrolysis (adding water). |
| What is a substrate? | The specific substance an enzyme acts on. |
| What does salivary amylase do? | Breaks down starch into maltose. |
| What does trypsin do? | Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. |
| What do lipase and bile salts do? | Lipase chemically breaks down fats; bile salts physically emulsify fats. |
| What is a positive control? | A group expected to produce a result. |
| What is a negative control? | A group not expected to produce a result. |
| What are controls? | Standards used for comparison in experiments. |
| What is an independent variable? | The factor that is changed in an experiment. |
| What is a dependent variable? | The factor that is measured. |
| What is maltose? | The product of starch hydrolysis. |
| Where is amylase produced? | Salivary glands and pancreas. |
| What does IKI (Lugol’s iodine) test for? | Starch |
| What is a positive IKI result? | Color change from amber to blue/black |
| What does Benedict’s test detect? | Simple sugars (maltose, glucose) |
| What is a positive Benedict’s result? | Color change to green → dark orange. |
| Where is trypsin produced and released? | Produced in pancreas, released into duodenum. |
| What is BAPNA? | A synthetic protein used to test trypsin activity. |
| What indicates a positive BAPNA test? | The color changes to yellow. |
| How does HCl affect catalase? | Denatures enzyme → decreases activity. |
| How does NaOH affect catalase? | Alters pH → decreases activity. |
| What happens when liver (catalase) is boiled? | Enzyme denatures → no activity. |
| What is physical emulsification? | Breaking fat into smaller droplets by bile salts. |
| Are bile salts enzymes? | No, they perform mechanical digestion. |
| What does lipase do? | Chemically breaks fats into monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids. |
| Where is lipase found? | In pancreatin (pancreatic enzymes). |
| What happens to pH when fatty acids are produced? | pH decreases (becomes more acidic). |
| What is litmus used for? | To detect pH changes. |
| What does a litmus assay measure? | pH after adding pancreatin and bile salts. |
Created by:
mdonovan8742
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