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Lab Exam #3 Guide
The Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Propulsion | Movement of food through the digestive tract |
| Deglutition | Swallowing |
| Peristalsis | Wave-like muscle contractions that move food forward |
| Mechanical Breakdown | Physical breakdown of food |
| Mastication | Chewing |
| Churning | Mixing food in the stomach |
| Segmentation | Back-and-forth mixing movement in intestines |
| Why is food broken down? | So it can diffuse into cells |
| Accessory organs | Organs that assist digestion but food does not pass through them |
| Examples of accessory organs | Teeth, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas |
| Parietal peritoneum | Outer layer lining the cavity wall |
| Visceral peritoneum | Inner layer covering digestive organs |
| Peritoneal cavity | Space between parietal and visceral layers |
| Mesentery | Double layer of peritoneum that supports organs |
| Mucosa | Lines lumen; secretes enzymes, mucus, hormones; absorbs nutrients; protects |
| Submucosa | Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves; nutrition & protection |
| Muscularis externa | Smooth muscle layer controlling motility |
| Serosa | Outermost layer; reduces friction & protects |
| What replaces serosa in esophagus? | Adventitia |
| Uvula | Punching bag” structure at back of throat |
| Oral cavity | Includes gums, teeth, tongue, salivary gland openings |
| Hard palate | Anterior (front) roof of mouth |
| Soft palate | Posterior (back) roof of mouth |
| Tongue function | Manipulates food & initiates swallowing |
| Functions of salivary glands | Chemical digestion, mucus production, immunity |
| Parotid glands | Located anterior to ear |
| Submandibular glands | Located inferior to mandible |
| Sublingual glands | Located under tongue |
| Pharynx | Passageway for food, fluids, and air |
| Esophagus | Tube from pharynx to stomach |
| Stomach location & shape | Left side; “backwards C” |
| How long does food stay in stomach? | 2–6 hours |
| Stomach extends from? | Gastroesophageal sphincter to pyloric sphincter |
| Rugae | Folds in stomach lining |
| Cardia | Entry area from esophagus |
| Fundus | Upper expanded portion |
| Body | Middle portion |
| Pyloric region | Funnel-shaped lower portion |
| Lesser curvature | Concave medial surface |
| Greater curvature | Convex lateral surface |
| Lesser omentum | Connects liver to lesser curvature |
| Greater omentum | Drapes over organs like an apron |
| Chyme | Creamy substance after stomach digestion |
| Where does chyme go next? | Small intestine via pyloric sphincter |
| Liver main digestive function | Produces bile |
| Bile function | Emulsifies fat (breaks it into smaller droplets) |
| Gallbladder function | Stores bile |
| Pancreas function | Produces digestive enzymes & bicarbonate |
| Largest gland in body | Liver |
| How many functions does the liver perform? | Over 500 |
| Liver lobes | Four lobes |
| Why is bile important? | Increases surface area for lipase to digest fats |
Created by:
mdonovan8742
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