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unit 6: genes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| transcription | -synthesis of RNA -happens in nucleus -creates the "message" of DNA |
| translation | -creates polypeptide from RNA -turns nucleotide sequence into amino acid sequence -happens at ribosome |
| mRNA | -synthesized during transcription -carries info from nucleus to ribosome |
| tRNA | -important in translation -attaches anticodon to mRNA with the specific amino acid -translates info into polypeptide sequence |
| rRNA | -helps form ribosomes and link amino acids |
| anticodon | -complementary codon to triplet of mRNA |
| codon | -mRNA triplets |
| template strand | -when only one DNA is transcribed |
| redundancy | -there is more than one codon for each amino acid -64 different codons, 23 different amino acids |
| reading frame | -strand must be read in correct groups -leads to detrimental mutations if incorrect |
| initiation (transcription) | -first step of transcription -RNA polymerase attaches to promoter |
| elongation (transcription) | -second step of transcription -RNA polymerase opens DNA and reads codons, moving 3' to 5' -only does small portions at a time -growing mRNA peels away and recreates double helix |
| termination (transcription) | -third step of transcription -prokaryotes have a termination signal and RNA polymerase detaches -eukaryotes have polyadenylation sequence, which releases pre-mRNA from DNA |
| promoter | -allows RNA polymerase to attach -goes upstream of desired gene |
| TATA box | -the promoter for eukaryotes -RNA polymerase binds to TATA box -transcription factors bind to RNA polymerase |
| transcription factors | -enzymes within the cell that preform the transcription process -in the TATA box in eukaryotes -bind directly to RNA polymerase in prokaryotes |
| termination sequence | -used in prokaryotes for termination -the termination signal for RNA polymerase -RNA polymerase detaches -transcribed mRNA is released to translation without modifications |
| polyadenylation signal | -used in eukaryotes for termination -AAUAAA -releases pre-mRNA from DNA to undergo modification |
| 5'-cap | -modified guanine nucleotide "cap" on mRNA -helps mRNA leave nucleus -protects mRNA from degradation -ribosomes attach at 5' end |
| poly-a tail | -3' end of pre-mRNA -receives 50-250 adenine nucleotides -helps mRNA leave nucleus -protects from degradation |
| RNA splicing | -removes introns and join exons together |
| intron | -intervening nucleotide sequence -do not code for amino acids -removed during splicing |
| exon | -expressed section of DNA -code for amino acids -joined together during splicing |
| alternative splicing | -things like exon skipping, alternative sites, or intron retention -lead to incorrect amino acids, mutations, and diseases |
| pre-RNA | -RNA before modifications -does not have poly-a tail and 5' cap -introns still in mRNA |
| mature RNA | -RNA after modifications -contains only exons, poly-a tail, and 5' cap |
| large ribosomal subunits | -contains three sites (A,P,E) -40s in prokaryotes -60s in eukaryotes |
| small ribosomal subunits | -assist in translation -binds to mRNA -prokaryotes are 30s -eukaryotes are 40s |
| A site | -in large ribosomal subunit -amino acid site -holds next charged tRNA |
| P site | -in large ribosomal subunit -polypeptide site -holds the tRNA carrying the growing chain |
| E site | -in large ribosomal subunit -exit site -tRNA leaves |
| retrovirus | -exception to standard flow of genetic information -info goes from RNA to DNA |
| reverse transcriptase | -enzyme that pairs viral RNA to DNA -DNA becomes part of RNA |
| stop codon | -codon that codes for the ribosome to stop transcribing -in 5' cap |
Created by:
26salisburb
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