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14-16 exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A clinical is teaching why vitamin k deficiency can impair hemostasis. vitamin k is needed for? | Functioning of some clotting factors |
| A functional syncytium in the heart refers to: | A mass of connected cells that functions as a unit |
| A heart murmur is most often caused by? | incomplete closure of a valve |
| A major regulator of angiogenesis described is: | vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) |
| After the av node the impulse travels through the | av bundle (his) |
| an aneurysm is | a bulge in a weakened arterial wall that may rupture |
| an ECG p-wave represents | atrial depolarization |
| an ectopic pacemaker is best described as | a region outside the sa node that initiates a premature beat |
| an implantable device used to treat disorders of cardiac conduction is a : | pacemaker |
| an increase in hematocrit would tend to | increase blood viscosity |
| anemia tends to | lower blood viscosity and lower blood pressure |
| angiogenesis is | formation of new blood vessels |
| antiangiogenesis drugs are used to treat conditions such as | cancer and age-related macular degeneration |
| arterial diastolic pressure is the | minimum pressure remaining before next ventricular contraction |
| arterial systolic pressure is the | maximum pressure during ventricular contraction |
| arteries have a thick tunica media with | smooth muscle and elastic tissue |
| at the arteriolar end of a capillary, fluid movement is typically: | out of the capillary by filtration |
| at the venular end of a capillary, fluid movement is typically | into the capillary by reabsorption |
| atrial fibrillation is generally | not immediately life threatening |
| atrial flutter typically involves rates of | 250 to 350 beats/min |
| a child has an enlarged thymus relative to an adult. this is expected because the thymus is : | largest in infancy/early childhood and shrinks after puberty |
| a clinician explains that complement can lead to direct killing of bacteria. which complement action is most directly lethal? | lysis (rapture of pathogen membranes ) |
| a hapten is : | a small molecule that becomes antigenic when combined with a large molecule |
| a key advantage of monoclonal antibody producing cells is that they : | produce one antibody type and keep dividing |
| a key function of the spleen is to | break down worn out red blood cells |
| a lab reports that a patient's antibodies are predominantly igG. which statement best fits? | IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin and acts against bacteria, viruses, and toxins |
| a life-threatening severe type I reaction | anaphylactic shock |
| a patient develops a skin rash 48 hours after repeated exposure to a chemical. this is most consistent with | type IV (delayed) HYPERSENSITIVITY |
| a patient has recurrent infections and low helper T cells count. which mechanism is most compromised? | activation of b cells via cytokines |
| a patient has swollen arm after axillary lymph node removal. which intervention aligns with typical lymphedema management described ? | compression sleeve and regular exercise |
| a patient is diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. which hypersensitivity type matches the descriptions provided? | Type III immune-complex reaction |
| A primary function of lymph nodes is to: | filter pathogens and debris from lymph |
| a primary immune response occurs after | first exposure to an antigen |
| a researcher wants rapid, high concentration antibodies within 1-2 days after exposure. this pattern reflects | secondary immune response |
| a transfusion reaction is an example of | type II hypersensitivity |
| a typical lymph node is | bean shaped and less than 2.5 cm long |
| a typical lymphatic pathway is | lymphatic capillaries- vessels- lymph nodes- trunks - ducts- subclavian veins |
| a xenograft is | a graft from a different species |
| absorption of dietary lipids in the small intestine is accomplished by lymphatic capillaries called: | lacteals |
| a differential wbc count reports: | a percentage of different leukocyte types |
| a first transfusion of rh+ blood into an rh- person is usually not immediately dangerous because | it takes days to form anti-rh antibodies |
| a key platelet adhesion factor derived from platelets and endothelial cells is | von Willebrand factor |
| a lab report shows an unusually high percentage of rbcs in whole blood. this value is the: | hematocrit (HCT) |
| a newborn develops hemolysis because maternal antibodies attack fetal rbcs in a later pregnancy. this is most consistent with: | RH incompatibility after sensitization |
| a normal platelet count is approximately : | 150.000 to 400.000 per yL |
| a nurse notes that a patient's platelets are not adhering to an intact vessel lining. this is expected because platelets normally: | do not adhere to smooth endothelium |
| a patient experiences anaphylaxis which leukocyte type is most linked to histamine release? | basophils |
| a patient has elevated eosinophils. this pattern is most consistent with: | parasitic worm infection or allergic reactions |
| a patient has increased neutrophils on a differential count during an acute infection. the most likely cause: | bacterial infection |
| a patient is bleeding from a small cut. which mechanism limits blood loss first? | vascular spasm |
| a red blood cell contains a high percentage of | hemoglobin |
| a temporary platelet plug can stop bleeding in | small vessels |
| a thrombus is : | a abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel |
| a transfusion reaction may include anxiety and: | breathing problems and severe pain |
| a wound forms a platelet plug, but bleeding continues from a large vessel injury. the missing essential step is most likely | blood coagulation to form fibrin threads |
| A patient with repeated transfusion reactions likely has which type of hypersensitivity described ? | Type II antibody dependent cytotoxic reaction |
| A leukocyte type elevated in bacterial infections is most likely | Neutrophils |
| A patient has clumping of donor RBCS during cross match testing. This indicates | Agglutination due to incompatibility |
| A reduced oxygen carrying capacity due to low rbcs or hemoglobin is called | Anemia |
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amibro6412
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