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Unit 2B
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome |
| proteins | Chains of amino acids also known as polypeptides |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| central dogma | DNA -> RNA -> Protein |
| deletion mutation | a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene |
| insertion mutation | a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene |
| frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
| point mutation | gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed |
| Protein Translation | the process in which the genetic code in mRNA is used to assemble amino acids in the correct sequence to make a protein |
| Protein Transcription | the process in which RNA, such as mRNA, is made from DNA within the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. |
| Codon | A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid |
| anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
| Ribosome | site of protein synthesis |
| vacuole | Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| cell membrane | A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. |
| nucleus | Control center of the cell |
| mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production |
| cell wall | A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. |
| golgi apparatus | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell |
| smooth er | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. Also makes lipids. |
| rough er | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. |
| lysosome | An organelle containing digestive enzymes |
| flagella | whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement |
| prokaryotic cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. |
| prophase | Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms |
| metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| anaphase | Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell |
| telophase | After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis. |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions |
| s phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. |
Created by:
cdmellon
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