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Schizophrenia
| Term | Definition | Positive or Negative | Example | Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persecutory Delusion | Belief that others are trying to harm, spy on, or plot against you | Positive | Shannon believes that her food is being poisoned, therefore, she eats only prepackaged food | Acknowledge feelings and convey empathy Avoid arguing |
| Referential Delusion | Belief that ordinary events or messages are specifically about you | Positive | Christopher believes that the birds sing songs to cheer him up | Acknowledge feelings and convey empathy Avoid arguing |
| Grandiose Delusion | Belief that you have special powers, importance, or identity | Positive | Brianna believes that she is a famous playwright | Acknowledge feelings and convey empathy Avoid arguing |
| Somatic Delusion | False belief about having a serious physical illness or body problem | Positive | Chris says his heart is dead and rotting away | Acknowledge feelings and convey empathy Avoid arguing |
| Control Delusion | Belief that outside forces control your thoughts or actions | Positive | Brian covered his apartment walls with aluminum foil to block aliens' efforts to control his thoughts | Acknowledge feelings and convey empathy Avoid arguing |
| Erotomanic Delusion | Belief that someone (often important or famous) is in love with you | Positive | Patty insists that Eric would marry her if only his current wife would stop interfering | Acknowledge feelings and convey empathy Avoid arguing |
| Nihilistic Delusion | Belief that you, others, or the world do not exist or are destroyed | Positive | Deepesh is giving away all his belongings since they won't be of any use once the comet hits | Acknowledge feelings and convey empathy Avoid arguing |
| Paranoia | Irrational or excessive fear or mistrust of others that exists on a spectrum from mild to profound | Positive | "I know the neighbors are watching me through the walls. They’re planning to hurt me when I’m not looking." | |
| Thought Blocking | Sudden interruption in the flow of thinking | Positive | "I was thinking about what happened yesterday, and then—oh, wait, what was I talking about?" | |
| Thought Insertion | Belief that thoughts are being placed into one's mind by an outside force | Positive | "I didn’t think that thought myself—it was put there by someone else." | |
| Thought Deletion/Withdrawal | Belief that thoughts are being removed or taken out of one's mind by an external force | Positive | "I feel like someone is stealing my thoughts right out of my head." | |
| Magical Thinking | Belief that one's thoughts, words, or actions can cause or prevent events in a way that defies logic or reality | Positive | "I was mad at him, and that's why he fell down the stairs" | |
| Associative Looseness | Results from haphazard and illogical thinking where concentration is poor and thoughts are only loosely connected. The most extreme form is word salad: a jumble of words that is meaningless to the listener | Positive | "The sky blue running fast apple, yes, but the chair sings loudly." | Do not pretend to understand "I'm having trouble following" |
| Clang Association | Choosing words based on their sound rather than their meaning. This often involves alliteration or rhyming words. | Positive | "The cat sat on the mat with a hat and a bat." | Do not pretend to understand "I'm having trouble following" |
| Neologisms | Words that have meaning for the patient but a different or nonexistent meaning for others | Positive | "I was feeling very flibberflam today, like everything was upside down." | Do not pretend to understand "I'm having trouble following" |
| Echolalia | The pathological repitition of another's words | Positive | Person A: "Do you want some water?" Person B: "Want some water? Want some water?" | Do not pretend to understand "I'm having trouble following" |
| Circumstantiality | Overly detailed speech that eventually reaches the point | Positive | "I was thinking about going to the park, which is just a few blocks from my house, near the big oak tree where I used to play as a child, and the swings are still there, you know, and the weather was nice, so I decided to go." | Do not pretend to understand "I'm having trouble following" |
| Tangentiality | Going off-topic and never returning to the original point | Positive | Person A: "What did you have for lunch?" Person B: "Lunch is important for health. Speaking of health, I saw a documentary about dolphins yesterday. Dolphins are very smart animals." | Do not pretend to understand "I'm having trouble following" |
| Cognitive Slowing | Noticeably slowed thinking and delayed responses | Positive | Interviewer: "Can you tell me your name?" Person: (pauses for a long time) "Uh... my... my name is John." | Do not pretend to understand "I'm having trouble following" |
| Pressured Speech | Rapid, excessive, speech that is difficult to interrupt | Positive | "I’ve got to tell you about the meeting, the people, the plans, the changes, the things we need to do, and there’s no time to waste, no time at all!" | Do not pretend to understand "I'm having trouble following" |
| Flight of Ideas | Rapid shifting from one idea to another with loose or superficial connections | Positive | "I went to the store, the store had apples, apples are red, red is my favorite color, colors remind me of rainbows, rainbows come after rain, rain makes the grass grow, grass is green, green like the trees outside." | Do not pretend to understand "I'm having trouble following" |
| Symbolic Speech | Using symbols or abstract meanings that are difficult for others to understand | Positive | "My thoughts are rivers flowing through a dark forest." | Do not pretend to understand "I'm having trouble following" |
| Catatonia | Marked increase or decrease in responsiveness with immobility or abnormal movements | Positive | ||
| Catalepsy | Spontaneous rigid posture | Positive | A person might sit with their arm raised above their head for hours without lowering it, despite discomfort. | |
| Waxy Flexibility | Posture is maintained after being positioned by another person | Positive | "If you move his arm to a new position, it stays there like a wax figure instead of moving back." | |
| Motor Retardation | Slowed physical movement and speech | Positive | Delayed responses to instructions or questions, with movements seeming sluggish or effortful. | |
| Motor Agitation | Excessive, restless, purposeless movement | Positive | Difficulty sitting still or calming down despite attempts by others. | |
| Sterotyped Behaviors | Repetitive, nonfunctional movement | Positive | "He repeatedly rocks back and forth in the same way over and over." | |
| Echopraxia | Imitating another person's movements | Positive | "He mimics the gestures or movements of people around him involuntarily." | |
| Negativism | Resistance to instructions or movements | Positive | "When someone asks him to stand up, he resists and stays seated, even though he’s physically able." | |
| Impaired Impulse Control | Acting without thinking or restraint | Positive | Engaging in reckless behaviors like sudden aggression, throwing things, or hitting others without warning. | |
| Gesturing or Posturing | Holding odd or rigid body positions | Positive | Making repetitive hand movements, like tapping, waving, or finger flicking without clear purpose (gesturing). Holding the arms, hands, or fingers in a fixed, unusual position for extended periods (posturing). | |
| Boundary Impairment | Poor awareness or personal space or social limits | Positive | Intruding on others’ personal space without awareness or regard, such as standing too close or touching without consent. | |
| Auditory Hallucinations | Hearing sounds or voices that are not real 1st most common | Positive | "I hear music playing even when no one else can hear it." | Acknowledge experience without validating Teach coping strategies |
| Visual Hallucinations | Seeings things that are not present 2nd most common | Positive | "I see flashes of light or patterns that no one else notices." | Acknowledge experience without validating Teach coping strategies |
| Olfactory Hallucinations | Smelling odors that are not present | Positive | "Sometimes I smell flowers or perfume that isn’t there." | Acknowledge experience without validating Teach coping strategies |
| Gustatory Hallucinations | Tasting something without a source | Positive | "I get a strange, unpleasant taste in my mouth for no reason." | Acknowledge experience without validating Teach coping strategies |
| Tactile Hallucinations | Feeling sensations on the skin without a physical cause | Positive | "It feels like bugs are crawling all over my arms." | Acknowledge experience without validating Teach coping strategies |
| Command Hallucinations | A type of auditory hallucination that instructs the person to act | Positive | "The voice told me to lock all the doors and not let anyone in." | Acknowledge experience without validating Teach coping strategies |
| Illusions | A misinterpretation fo a real external stimulus | Positive | Seeing shadows and interpreting them as threatening figures. | |
| Depersonalization | A feeling of being detached from oneself, as if observing oneself from outside the body | Positive | "My hands don’t feel like they belong to me. | |
| Derealization | A feeling that the environment is unreal or distorted | Positive | "The world feels distant and dreamlike, like I’m in a fog." | |
| Anhedonia | Inability to experience pleasure | Negative | ||
| Avolition | Lack of motivation to initiate or complate tasks | Negative | ||
| Asociality | Lack of interest in social interactions | Negative | ||
| Affective Blunting | Reduced emotional expression (facial expression, tone of voice, gestures) | Negative | ||
| Apathy | Indifference or lack of concern about important matters | Negative | ||
| Alogia | Reduced amount of speech or poverty of content | Negative | ||
| Flat Affect | Immobile/blank facial expression | Negative | ||
| Blunted Affect | Reduced emotional response | Negative | ||
| Constricted Affect | Reduced in range | Negative | ||
| Inappropriate Affect | Incongruent with situation | Negative | ||
| Bizarre Affect | Odd/illogical expression | Negative | ||
| Concrete Thinking | The inability to think abstractly, resulting in a literal interpretation of words, phrases, or concepts | Negative | ||
| Attention Deficits | Difficulty concentrating, sustaining focus, and filtering distractions | Negative | ||
| Memory Impairment | Problems with working memory and short-term memory | Negative | ||
| Executive Dysfunction | Poor planning, organizing, decision-making, and problem-solving | Negative | ||
| Slowed Processing Speed | Delayed thinking and response time | Negative | ||
| Impaired Abstract Thinking | Concrete interpretation of ideas and difficulty understanding metaphors | Negative | ||
| Social Cognition Deficits | Difficulty interpreting social cues, facial expressions, and others intentions | Negative | ||
| Anosognosia | Lack of awareness or insight into one's mental illness | Negative | ||
| Pseudoparkinsonism | Stooped posture, shuffling gait, rigidity, bradykinesia, tremors at rest, pill rolling | |||
| Acute Dystonia | Facial grimacing, involuntary upward eye movement, muscle spasms of the tongue, face, and back, laryngeal spasms | |||
| Tardive Dyskinesia | Protrusion and rolling of the tongue, sucking and smacking movements of the lips, chewing motion, facial dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the body and extremities | |||
| Akithisia | Restless, trouble standing still, paces the floor, feet in constant motion, rocking back and forth |
Created by:
Kelly So
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