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Bacteria and Archea
Based on BIO 150 Chapter 27 Power Point
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes are what type of organisms? | Bacteria |
| How many cells does a prokaryote have? | one |
| What does the term "unicellular? mean? | Single-celled |
| What is contained in the nucleoid of a prokaryote? | DNA |
| What is the role of ribosomes? | The purpose of these are to make proteins |
| What is the capsule? | The outer most layer on some bacterial cells |
| What are "slime layers"? | The term to describe unorganized capsules |
| What benefit does a capsule provide a prokaryote? | This provides the prokaryote with ability to escape phagocytosis, produce toxins or attachment. |
| What is a Flagella? | This is a filamentous structure made of proteins that allow for motility (independent movement) |
| What is a ribosome? | These are small internal structures that synthesize bacterial proteins |
| What is an Axial Filament? | These are bundle fibers attached in a spiral, allowing the bacterium to move in a corkscrew motion |
| What is a disease that is caused by the presence of Axial Filaments on a prokaryote? | Lyme disease or syphilis |
| What are Fimbriae? | These are thin hairlike appendages that allow for even better attachment to the host |
| If Fimbriae are absent... | no disease results |
| What is the causative agent of gonorrhea? | The presence of fimbriae |
| What are Pili? | These tiny appendages are used to exchange DNA between bacteria cells |
| What does the term "conjugation" refer to? | The exchange of DNA between prokaryotes by the pili. This is a form of bacterial reproduction |
| How does the cell wall prevent cell lysis? | This is achieved due to increased osmotic pressure. |
| What is the main component of the bacteria cell wall? | A macromolecule matrix called the "peptidoglycan" |
| This type bacteria is spherical shaped.. | Cocci |
| This term describes two spherical shaped cells together... | Diplococci |
| This term describes a long chain of spherical shaped cells.. | Streptococci |
| This term describes clumps of spherical shaped cells.. | Staphylococci |
| This type bacteria is rod shaped.. | Bacilli |
| These types of bacteria are spiral shaped.. | Spirochetes and Spirillum |
| Gram Positive or Negative: Thicker peptidoglycan and contains teichoic acid | Gram-positive |
| Gram Positive or Negative: peptidoglycan is thinner and contains lipopolysaccharide | Gram-negative |
| Gram Positive or Negative: Stains purple | Gram-positive |
| Gram Positive or Negative: Stains pink or red | Gram-negative |
| Gram Positive or Negative: Cell wall more resistant to physical damage | Gram negative |
| Gram Positive or Negative: Greater susceptibility to penicillin | gram-positive |
| What is the significance of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)in Gram-negative bacteria? | This substance allows the bacteria to produce endotoxins |
| How would you describe the rate of reprodution for bacteria? | Rapid |
| What is the term for the asexual reproduction process for bacteria? | Binary Fission |
| In what ways can some bacteria divide? | Budding or Fragmentation |
| In what ways(other than division or reproduction) can bacteria exchange genetic information? | Transformation, transduction, or conjugation |
| What are endospores? | These are specialized "resting" cells that some gram-positive bacteria can produce. They are technically inactive. Very difficult to control. |
| What are some diseases can be caused by endospores? | Tetanus, gangrene, botulism and anthrax |
| What are Chemoheterotrophs? | Prokaryotes that rely on organic molecules for energy |
| What are Photoheterotrophs? | Prokaryotes that obtain carbon from other organisms but can also use the sunlight for energy |
| What are Photoautotrophs? | Prokaryotes that synthesize organic molecules from sunlight (ex:cyanobacteria) |
| What are Chemoautotrophs? | Prokaryotes that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and obtain energy from ammonia or hydrogen sulfide (archaic) |
| What is the term for bacteria that require oxygen? | Aerobic |
| What are Facultative Anaerobes? | Bacteria that use oxygen when it is available but can survive without oxygen if need be |
| What are Obligate Anaerobes? | These type of bacteria only perform anaerobic respiration and some types can be killed by oxygen |
| What are the two Prokaryote Domains? | D. Archaea and D. Bacteria |
| What is Mutualism? | both organism benefit |
| What is Commensalism? | When one organism benefits and the other is unaffected |
| What is Parasitism? | The one organism benefits, the other (host)is harmed |
| What are Extremophiles? | Extremophiles that live in very harsh conditions on Earth (methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles) |
| What are Methanogens? | Extremophiles that produce methane in oxygen-free enviroments |
| What are Halophiles? | Extremophiles that live in salt saturated areas |
| What are Thermophiles? | Extremophiles that live in very hot or cold areas |
| What are four classes of the Phylum Protobacteria? (discussed in class) | Alphaprotobacteria Betaprotobacteria Gammaprotobacteria Epsilonprotobacteria |
| What is an example of an organism in Class Alphaprotobacteria? | Rhizobium (nitrogen fixation, legumes) |
| What is an example of an organism in Class Betaprotobacteria? | Nitrosomonas (soil bacteria that recycle nitrogen) |
| What is an example of an organism in Class Gammaprotobacteria? | Enterobacteria (lives in human intestines) |
| What is an example of an organism in Class Epsilonprotobacteria? | Campylobacter (causes still births) Helicobacter (stomach ulcers) |
| What phylum is photosynthetic bacteria in? | Phylum Cyanobacteria |
| What phylum contains bacteria that causes chlamydial infections? | Phylum Chlamydiae |
| What phylum contains bacteria species that cause tuberculosis and leprosy? | Phylum Actinobacteria |
| What phylum contains bacteria species that cause Lyme disease and Syphilis? | Phylum Spirochaetes |
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