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CNA Chapter 6
Infection Prevention and Control
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Antimicrobial | An agent that destroys, resists, or prevents the development of pathogens. |
| Autoclave | An appliance used to sterilize medical instruments or other objects by using steam under pressure. |
| Bloodborne pathogens | Microorganisms found in human blood that can cause infection & disease. |
| Bloodborne Pathogen Standard | Federal law requiring that healthcare facilities protect employees from bloodborne health hazards. |
| Body fluids | Tears, saliva, sputum (mucus coughed up), urine, feces, semen, vaginal secretions, pus or other wound drainage, and vomit. |
| Carrier | A person who carries a pathogen usually without signs or symptoms of disease, but who can still spread the disease. |
| Catheter | Tube inserted through the skin or into a body opening that is used to add or drain fluid. |
| C. difficile (C. diiff, clostridium difficile) | A bacterial illness that can cause diarrhea & colitis. (spread by spores in feces that are difficult to kill) |
| CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Federal government agency that is responsible for improving the overall health & safety of the people of the United States. |
| Clean | A condition in which an object has not been contaminated with pathogens. |
| Communicable disease | An infectious disease transmissible by direct contact or by indirect contact. |
| Contagious disease | A type of communicable disease that spreads quickly from person to person. |
| Contaminated | Soiled, unclean (having disease-causing organisms or infectious material on it. |
| Cross infection | The physical movement or transfer of harmful bacteria from one person, object, or place to another, or from one part of the body to another. |
| Dehydration | An excessive loss of water from the body. |
| Direct contact | Way to transmit pathogens through touching the infected person or his or her secretions. |
| Dirty | A condition in which an object has been contaminated with pathogens. |
| Disinfection | A measure used to decrease the spread of pathogens and disease by destroying pathogens. |
| Doff | to remove |
| Don | to put on |
| Drainage | The flow of fluids from a wound or cavity. |
| Exposure incident | Specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties. |
| Fomite | An object that is contaminated with a pathogen and can spread the pathogen to another person. |
| Hand hygiene | washing hands with either plain or antiseptic soap and water and using alcohol-based hand rubs |
| HAI (Healthcare-associated infections) | An infection associated with healthcare given in any setting. (hospitals, home care, long-term care facilities, ambulatory settings) |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver caused by certain viruses and other factors, such as alcohol abuse, some medications, and trauma. |
| Immunity | Resistance to infection by a specific pathogen. |
| Incubation period | The period of time between the time a pathogen enters the body and the time it causes visible signs & symptoms of disease. |
| Indirect contact | A way to transmit pathogens by touching something contaminated by the infected person. |
| Infection | The state resulting from pathogens invading & growing within the human body. |
| Infection prevention | Set of methods used to control & prevent the spread of disease. |
| Infectious disease | Any disease caused by growth of a pathogen. |
| Isolate | To keep something separate, or by itself. |
| Localized infection | Infection limited to a specific part of the body. |
| Malnutrition | A serious condition in which a person is not getting proper nutrition. |
| Medical asepsis | Refers to practices used to reduce and control the spread of microorganisms, such as hand-washing. |
| Microorganism | A tiny living thing not visible to the eye without a microscope. |
| MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) | An infection caused by specific bacteria that has become resistant to many antibiotics. |
| Mucous membranes | The membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the linings of the mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, & genitals. |
| Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) | Microorganisms, mostly bacteria, that are resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. |
| Non-communicable disease | A disease not capable of being spread from one person to another. |
| Non-intact skin | Skin that is broken by abrasions, cuts, rashes, acne, pimples, lesions, surgical incisions, or boils. |
| Normal flora | The microorganisms that normally live in and on the body and do not cause harm in a healthy person, as long as the flora remain in or at that particular area. |
| OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) | A federal government agency that makes and enforces rules to protect workers from hazards on the job. |
| Pathogen | Microorganisms that are capable of causing infection and disease. |
| Perineal care | Care of the genitals & anal area by cleaning. |
| PPE (personal protective equipment) | A barrier between a person & pathogens. (includes gloves, gowns, masks, goggles, and face shields) |
| Reinfection | Being infected again with the same pathogen. |
| Resistance | The body's ability to prevent infection & disease. |
| Sanitation | Ways individuals & communities maintain clean, hygienic conditions that help prevent disease, such as the disposal of sewage & solid waste. |
| Standard precautions | A method of infection prevention in which all blood, body fluids, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes are treated as if they were infected with a disease. |
| Sterilization | A measure used to decrease the spread of pathogens & disease by destroying all microorganisms, including those that form spores. |
| Surgical Asepsis (also called sterile technique) | Method that makes an area or an object completely free of microorganisms. |
| Systemic infection | An infection that occurs when pathogens enter the bloodstream and move throughout the body. (causes general symptoms, such as chills & fever) |
| Transmission | The way and means by which a disease is spread. |
| Vaccine | A substance prepared from weakened or killed microorganisms that is used to give immunity to disease. |
| VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus) | A strain of the bacterium enterococcus that is resistant to the powerful antibiotic vancomycin. (infections occur when the bacteria enter the bloodstream, urinary tract, or surgical wounds) |
| CRE (Carbapenem-Resistant enterobacteriaceae) | Bacteria that have developed resistance to carbapenems, which is a category of antibiotics |
| Jaundice | A condition in which the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes appear yellow |
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