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Lab Exam #3 Guide

The Respiratory System

TermDefinition
What is pulmonary ventilation? Movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing).
What is external respiration? Gas exchange between blood and alveoli (oxygen loading, carbon dioxide unloading).
What is transport of respiratory gases? Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide from lungs to cells.
What is internal respiration? Gas exchange between blood and body cells (oxygen unloading, carbon dioxide loading).
Where does air enter the respiratory system? Through the external nares (nostrils).
What divides the nasal cavity? The nasal septum.
What structures increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity? Inferior, middle, and superior nasal conchae.
In which bones are the paranasal sinuses located? Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.
What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity? Hard palate (anterior) and soft palate (posterior).
What is the uvula? A fingerlike projection of the soft palate
Why is mouth breathing less effective than nasal breathing? Air is not warmed, moistened, or filtered.
What are the three parts of the pharynx? Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Which part of the pharynx is only for air? Nasopharynx.
Which part is a common passageway for food and air and contains palatine tonsils? Oropharynx.
Which part serves as a passageway for both air and food? Laryngopharynx.
What is the most prominent laryngeal cartilage? Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple).
What cartilage is ring-shaped? Cricoid cartilage.
What are the paired laryngeal cartilages? Arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages.
What is the function of the epiglottis? Covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.
What are vestibular folds? False vocal cords that protect the true vocal cords.
What are vocal folds? True vocal cords that vibrate to produce speech.
What is the glottis? The slit between the vocal folds.
Where does gas exchange occur? In the alveolar sacs.
What do Type I alveolar cells do? Form alveolar walls (simple squamous epithelium).
What do Type II alveolar cells do? Secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins.
What do alveolar macrophages do? Phagocytize foreign particles.
What is the parietal pleura? Outer layer attached to thoracic wall and diaphragm
What is the visceral pleura? Inner layer covering the lungs
What is the hilum? Entry/exit site for bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
What are bronchopulmonary segments? Lung sections separated by connective tissue septa.
What is atelectasis? Lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles or pneumothorax.
What is intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)? Pressure in alveoli; equalizes with atmospheric pressure.
What is intrapleural pressure (Pip)? Pressure in pleural cavity; always negative relative to alveolar pressure.
What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation? Inspiration and expiration.
What does Boyle’s Law state? Pressure and volume are inversely related.
What is tidal volume (TV)? Air inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing (500 mL).
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? Extra air inhaled after normal inspiration (3100 mL).
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? Extra air exhaled after normal expiration (1200 mL)
What is residual volume (RV)? Air remaining after forceful expiration.
What is vital capacity (VC)? TV + IRV + ERV (4800 mL)
What is inspiratory capacity (IC)? TV + IRV (3600 mL).
What is functional residual capacity (FRC)? ERV + RV (2400 mL).
What is total lung capacity (TLC)? TV + IRV + ERV + RV (6000 mL).
What does Henry’s Law state? Gas dissolves in liquid proportional to its partial pressure.
What does Dalton’s Law state? Gas movement is based on partial pressure gradients.
How is most carbon dioxide transported in blood? 70% as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
Why does CO₂ conversion happen faster in RBCs? Because RBCs contain carbonic anhydrase.
Why is the bicarbonate system important? Maintains acid-base balance.
Created by: mdonovan8742
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