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Nervous System
CCMA prep nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nervous system serves | the body's complex communication network, coordinating all bodily activities by transmitting, processing, and interpreting sensory signals |
| Nervous system enables the body to | to respond appropriately to internal and external stimuli, maintain homeostasis (internal stability), and carry out cognitive functions such as thinking, reasoning, and emotional processing. |
| The Nervous System's Sensory and Motor Functions | Facilitates the transmission of sensory inputs and motor outputs, ensuring effective communication between the body and the CNS. |
| The nervous system gathers information from | sensory receptors located throughout the body (e.g., eyes, ears, skin) and transmits this information to the brain for interpretation. |
| Connects CNS to Body: | The xd and spinal cord to organs, limbs, and skin, enabling coordinated body functions. |
| Sensory and Motor Functions: | It facilitates the transmission of sensory inputs and motor outputs, ensuring effective communication between the body and the CNS. |
| Regulation of Internal Functions | The CNS controls automatic processes such as heartbeat, breathing, and digestion, maintaining the body's internal stability |
| Brain and Spinal Cord Communication | The CNS acts as a hub for receiving, processing, and sending information to different areas of the body. |
| The nervous system can be divided into two major regions: | the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). |
| The central nervous system (CNS) | comprising the brain and spinal cord—is the primary command center. |
| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) | branches out from the CNS, connecting it to every part of the body. |
| Human Spinal Cord and Nerves | Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions, with 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off to serve different areas of the body. |
| The PNS is not encased in bone or protected by the blood-brain barrier, making it more susceptible to | injury from trauma or systemic illness (e.g., diabetes, infections, toxins). |
| The structures of the PNS are referred to | as ganglia and nerves, which can be seen as distinct structures. |
| The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, protected by | the skull and vertebral column |
| Brain: | Acts as the central command center responsible for integrating sensory information, coordinating body movements, controlling higher cognitive functions (memory, learning, speech), and managing emotions. |
| Spinal Cord: | The relay center for motor and sensory signals between the brain and the peripheral body. Controls reflex arcs—automatic responses to stimuli that occur without brain input (e.g., withdrawal from pain) |
| The PNS is a vast network of | spinal and cranial nerves that are linked to the brain and the spinal cord. It contains sensory receptors that help in processing changes in the internal and external environment. This information is sent to the CNS via afferent sensory nerves. |
| The PNS is then subdivided into | the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. |
| The somatic nervous system controls | voluntary movements and conscious sensations, |
| autonomic nervous system manages | involuntary functions, such as heart rate and digestion. |
| The autonomic nervous system regulates the functions of | the lungs, heart, smooth muscle, and exocrine and endocrine glands. |
| Autonomic responses are mediated by the | sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which are antagonistic to each other. |
| Parasympathetic Division | "Rest and Digest" |
| Sympathetic Division | "Active and alert" |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Consists of the brain and spinal cord; processes information and directs responses throughout the body. |
| Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) | Network of nerves outside the CNS that connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. |
| Afferent | carries sensory signals to the CNS |
| Efferent | carries motor signals away from the CNS. |
| Tract | is a bundle of nerve fibers in the CNS |
| Nerve | is a bundle in the PNS. |
| Gray Matter | contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites |
| White Matter | is made of myelinated axons and glial cells for signal transmission. |
| The Nervous System's vast control system is made possible by two primary types of specialized cells | neurons and glial cells |
| neurotransmission— | the transmission of nerve impulses from one cell to another in the nervous system. Nervous impulses are a type of electrical impulse that travels incredibly quickly |
| Neuron | Carry these impulses around the body |
| Dendrites receive | chemical signals from other neurons and convert them to electrical signals. |
| Schwann cell is | type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that wraps around the axon, producing the myelin sheath, which insulates and increases the speed of electrical impulses along the axons. |
| Nucleus | The control center contains the neuron's genetic material (DNA). |
| Nucleus function | Genetic Control - Directs protein synthesis and cellular activities. Controls neurotransmitter production and receptor expression. |
| Cell body and details | Contains mitochondria for energy production, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and the endoplasmic reticulum. The soma maintains the neuron's metabolism and decides whether to fire. |
| The myelin sheath | Made up of specialized cells that surround the axon. These cells are very rich in fats, and they act as an electrical insulator, which increases the speed of transmission. |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in the myelin sheath where the action potential is regenerated (saltatory conduction). |
| Axon | A nerve fiber conducting electrical impulses away from the soma. |
| Synaptic Transmission | is the process by which one neuron communicates with another through electric impulses. |
| Synaptic Terminals | Located at the end of the neuron, the axon terminals (terminal buttons) are responsible for transmitting signals to other neurons. At the end of the terminal button is the synapse. |
| Neurons transmit signals through a combination of | electrical impulses (action potentials) and chemical messengers (neurotransmitters). |
| Neuron Consists of | Dendrites , Cell body (soma), Axon , axon terminals |
| Axon Terminal | Where communication with the next neurons or target cell occurs |
| Oligodendrocytes | From myelin in the CNC ; Neuroglia |
| Neuron Type shape: Multipolar Neurons | One axon , many dendrites; Most common in the CNS |
| Neuron Type shape: Pseudo- Unipolar Neurons | Axon and dendrites emerge from the same point; commo in sensory pathway |
| Neuron Type shape: Bipolar Neurons | One axon and one dendrites emerging from opposite ends of the cells body |
| Neuron Type Function : Afferent (Sensory) | Carry signal TOWARDS the CNS |
| Neuron Type Function : Interneurons | Process information with the CNS |
| Neuron Type Function : Efferent (Motor) Neurons | Carry signals AWAY from the CNS to muscles or glans |
| Neuroglia Provides : | Structural support , nutrition , and protection for neurons |
| Neuroglia cells: Astrocytes | Largest neuroglia ; maintains the blood brain barrier |
| Neuroglia cells: Microglia | Neuroglia - Acts as immune cells performing phagocytosis |
| Neuroglia cells: Ependymal Cells | Lines CNS cavities and help circulate cerebrospinal fluid : neuroglia |
| In the spinal cord which matter is central and which surrounds it | Grey is cnteral and white surrounds |
| In the brain grey matter forms | the cerebral cortex and certain deep nuclei |
| in the brain white matter is located ? | Internally |
| Nerve Tracts are | bundles of axons connecting grey matter regions (Nucelli) to each other |
| Nerve Tract Classifications : Association Fibers | Connect regions within the same hemisphere |
| Nerve Tract Classifications : Commissural Fibers | Connect the 2 hemispheres |
| Nerve Tract Classifications : Projections Fibers | Connect the brain and spinal cord |
| Nerve Tract Function : Ascending Tracts | Carry sensory Information |
| Nerve Tract Function : Descending Tracts | Carry motor Commands |
| Nerve Tract Function : Indirect Tracts | Interconnects specific brain regions |
| Lower structures (Closer to the spinal cord) | Controls basic, automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate and reflexes |
| High structures (telencephalon) | Controls complex thoughts , decisions -making, and voluntary actions |
| Neurons lie | adjacent to each other but are not connected |
| synapse. | tiny gap between neurons |
| When an electrical nerve impulse reaches this gap between neurons | it causes the release of a neurotransmitter from the axon terminal. |
| action potentials. | The electrical signals transmitted by neurons |
| Signals are received by the | dendrites, processed in the cell body, and then travel down the axon—often insulated by a myelin sheath—to the axon terminals, where the signal is passed to the next cell. This one-way flow is essential for proper nervous system function. |
| Signal Receptions | Dendrites receive neurotransmitters from previous neurons, which in turn create electrical changes. |
| Neuron Signal Transmission Process : Signal Reception at Dendrites(Dendrites receive neurotransmitters from pervious neuron ) | Neurotransmitters from upstream neurons bind to receptors on dendritic spinal , opening ion channels & creating small electrical change(grade potential) that travel towards the cell body |
| Neuron Signal Transmission Process : Signal Integration in Soma (The cell body sums all incoming signals) | The soma integrates 100s of excitatory (depolarizing) and Inhibitory(hyperpolarizing) signals |
| Neuron Signal Transmission Process : Action Potential Initiated(Voltage-gated channels open at the axon hillock | @ the axon hillock , voltage sodium channels open rapidly, causing depolarization . This is the "all or nothing " response |
| Neuron Signal Transmission Process : Propagation down AXION ( Electrical impulse travels down the axon ) | The action potential propagates along the axon as a wave of depolarization . In myelinated neurons , it jumps between nodes of Ranvier( Saltatory conduction), |
| Neuron Signal Transmission Process : Arrival at Axon Terminal ( Action potential reaches the synaptic terminal ) | When the action potential reaches the axon terminal , it opens voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium ions flood into terminal , triggering the release mechanism |
| Neuron Signal Transmission Process : Neurotransmitter RELEASE (Vesicles fuse with membrane and release neurotransmitter ) | Calcium influx triggers synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane via SNARE proteins. Thousands of neurotransmitter molecules are RELEASED into the synaptic cleft . |
| Neuron Signal Transmission Process : DIFFUSION across Synaptic Gap (Neurotransmitters diffuse across the 20-40nm gap) | Neurotransmitter DIFFUSE across the synaptic clef via Brownian motion |
| Neuron Signal Transmission Process : NEW signal Generated (Postsynaptic receptors detect neurotransmitters and generate a new signal) | Neurotransmitters are DETECTED by receptors on the postsynaptic dendrites. This opens ion channels, creating NEW electrical signal that initiates the process again in the next neuron . The cycle continues |
| Dendrite ->Key Parts and Functions | Branch-like extensions that receive incoming signals from other neurons or sensory receptors. |
| Cell Body (Soma) ->Key Parts and Functions | Contains the nucleus and organelles; integrates incoming signals and maintains cell health. |
| Nucleus ->Key Parts and Functions | Houses genetic material and directs cellular activities within the neuron. |
| Axon ->Key Parts and Functions | A long, thin projection that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body toward other cells. |
| Axon Terminal >Key Parts and Functions | The endpoint of the axon where signals are transmitted to other neurons or muscles. |
| Myelin Sheath ->>Key Parts and Functions | Fatty covering that insulates the axon, speeding up electrical signal transmission. |
| Pathway of a Nerve Impulse : Introduction: Signal Direction | Nerve impulses always travel in one direction through a neuron, ensuring clear and coordinated communication. |
| Pathway of a Nerve Impulse :Dendrites: Signal Reception | Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, starting the communication process. |
| Pathway of a Nerve Impulse :Cell Body: Signal Integration | The cell body processes and integrates these incoming signals, determining if the impulse should continue. |
| Pathway of a Nerve Impulse :Axon: Signal Conduction | If the signal is strong enough, it travels down the axon as an electrical impulse, often insulated by myelin for speed. |
| Pathway of a Nerve Impulse :Axon Terminals: Signal Transmission | At the axon terminals, the impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitters, passing the signal to the next cell. |
| Pathway of a Nerve Impulse : Summary | Proper sequencing of signal flow is critical for normal nervous system function—disruption at any step can cause clinical symptoms. |
| The Nervous System’s Support Team: Glial Cells: | play vital roles in supporting, protecting, and nourishing neurons. They are involved in repair, immune defense, and maintaining the environment for nerve signaling. |
| The Nervous System’s Support Team: Astrocytes | provide structural support, regulate the chemical environment, and help repair the nervous system after injury. They are essential for maintaining the blood-brain barrier and supporting neuron health |
| The Nervous System’s Support Team: Oligodendrocytes (in the CNS) and Schwann cells (in the PNS) | produce myelin, which insulates axons and speeds up signal transmission. Damage to these cells, as seen in multiple sclerosis, leads to slower or blocked nerve impulses. |
| The Nervous System’s Support Team: Microglia | act as the immune defense cells of the CNS, removing debris and responding to infection or injury. Overactive microglia can contribute to inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. |
| The Nervous System’s Support Team: Ependymal cells | line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This fluid cushions the CNS and removes waste products. |
| Neurons :Function | Signal transmission (electrical + chemical) |
| Neuron : Signal Conduction | Yes |
| Neurons : Regenerative Ability | limited |
| Neuron : Subtypes | Sensory ,motor, and interneurons |
| Neurons : Locations | CNS and PNS |
| Neuron : Roles in Disease | Degeneration, synaptic failure |
| Glial Cells : Function | Support, protection, insulation |
| Glial Cells : Signal Conduction | NO |
| Glial Cells: Regenerative Ability | Generally higher |
| Glial Cells: Subtypes | Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, etc. |
| Glial Cells: Location | CNS & PNS |
| Glial Cells : Role in Disease | Tumors, demyelination, inflammation |
| White Matter contains | Myelinated axons |
| Site of synaptic Integration White/gray matter | Gray Matter |
| Found in cerebral cortex and spinal cord "butterfly" "White/gray matter | Gray Matter |
| Transmits signal quickly over long distances White/gray matter | White matter |
| Contains Neuron cell bodies White/gray matter | Gray matter |
| Appears lighter in gross anatomy White/gray matter | White matter |
| Contains Neuron cells | Gray Matter |
| Gray matter refers | Cell bodies |
| Which structure is part of the peripheral nervous system? | Cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. |
| The somatic nervous system controls | voluntary movements and transmits sensory information to the CNS. It activates skeletal muscles and is involved in conscious actions, such as walking or picking up objects. |
| The autonomic nervous system regulates | involuntary functions like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and sweating. It controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands—often without conscious awareness. |
| Controls skeletal muscles Somatic VS Autonomic Nervous system ? | Somatic Nervous system |
| Regulates heart beat Somatic VS Autonomic Nervous system ? | Autonomic Nervous system |
| Involuntary Control Somatic VS Autonomic Nervous system ? | Autonomic Nervous system |
| Involved in reflex arcs Somatic VS Autonomic Nervous system ? | Somatic Nervous system |
| Manges digestion Somatic VS Autonomic Nervous system ? | Autonomic Nervous system |
| Voluntary movements Somatic VS Autonomic Nervous system ? | Somatic Nervous system |
| The sympathetic branch prepares the body for | stress or emergencies |
| parasympathetic branch restores | calm and supports recovery. |
| The parasympathetic system is responsible for | “rest and digest” functions. It slows the heart rate, stimulates digestion, and promotes recovery after stress. This branch helps the body return to a calm, balanced state. |
| The sympathetic system triggers the body’s | “fight or flight” response. It increases heart rate, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion, and prepares muscles for action. Clinically, you might see these effects in patients experiencing anxiety, pain, or acute stress. |
| sympathetic or parasympathetic Stimulates digestion ? | parasympathetic |
| sympathetic or parasympathetic Increase heart rate? | sympathetic |
| sympathetic or parasympathetic Promotes sweat ? | sympathetic |
| sympathetic or parasympathetic Constricts airway ? | parasympathetic |
| sympathetic or parasympathetic Promotes sailvation? | parasympathetic |
| sympathetic or parasympathetic Dilates pupils? | sympathetic |
| Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and clammy skin during anxiety? | The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's 'fight or flight' response, which includes increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and clammy skin during anxiety. |
| Which system controls voluntary muscle movement? | Somatic nervous system |
| Which pathway is responsible for the rapid withdrawal from a painful stimulus, like touching a hot pan? | The spinal reflex arc allows for a fast, involuntary response without waiting for brain input. |
| Which branch of the autonomic nervous system causes increased heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating during stress? | The sympathetic branch triggers the 'fight or flight' response, causing increased heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating during stress. |
| Key signs include sudden weakness, facial droop, difficulty speaking, and loss of coordination | Stroke |
| What does a MA do during a stroke? | act fast: call for emergency help, monitor vital signs, and note the time symptoms started. |
| Typical symptoms are muscle weakness, vision changes, numbness, and fatigue | Multiple Sclercosis |
| What does a MA do during Multiple sclerosis? | Report new or worsening symptoms to the provider promptly, as early intervention can improve outcomes. |
| Typical symptoms are tremors, slow movement, muscle rigidity, and balance problems. | Parkinson's Disease |
| The MA supports Parkinson's patiens, How? | Support patients by assisting with mobility and monitoring for medication side effects. |
| Signs include abnormal blood pressure, heart rate changes, excessive sweating, or fainting. | Autonomic Dysfunction |
| What does the MA do during Autonomic Dysfunction? | Notify the provider and monitor the patient closely, as these symptoms may indicate underlying nervous system issues. |
| Which nervous system division is responsible for voluntary muscle movement? | The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement. |
| TRUE OR FALSE? Afferent=sensory Efferent =Motor | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE? Tracts are found in the CNS, Nerves in the PNS | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE? Sympathetic system slows heart rate ? | FALSE |
| TRUE OR FALSE? White matter = neuron cell bodies? | FALSE |
| TRUE OR FALSE? Somatic system controls involuntary organs? | FALSE |
| TRUE OR FALSE? Gray matter = Neuron cell bodies | TRUE |
| Which structures make up the central nervous system (CNS)? | The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. |
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