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Biology 122 Exam 2

Origin of Life and Prokaryotes

What was the purpose/idea of the Primordial Soup theory? Purpose: To explain how life began from nonliving chemical substances on early Earth. Idea: Early Earth’s oceans contained simple molecules (water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen) that formed organic compounds using energy from lightning and UV radiation.
What are the three essential items for a functioning cell? 1. Membrane 2.Genetic Material (Nucleotides) 3. Macromolecules
Membrane Phospholipid bilayer that separates internal environment from outside; maintains homeostasis.
Genetic Material (Nucleotides) DNA or RNA; stores instructions for proteins.
Macromolecules Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; perform structure and function.
ATP Immediate energy for cellular work.
Macromolecules (glycogen, fats): Long-term energy storage
Proteins Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
Replication Copying genetic material before cell division.
Mitosis Produces identical cells.
Mutations DNA changes that create new alleles → genetic diversity.
RNA Replication Issues RNA viruses mutate quickly due to lack of proofreading.
RNA World Hypothesis Suggests early life used RNA for both genetic storage and catalysis before DNA and proteins evolved.
3 Domains of Life 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya
Eubacteria Gram-positive: Thick peptidoglycan wall (purple stain) Gram-negative: Thin wall + outer membrane (pink stain)
Archaea Often extremophiles (live in hot, salty, acidic environments) Little known because many cannot be cultured in labs.
Metagenomics Study of genetic material from environmental samples. Identifies microbes without culturing. Benefits: Finds unculturable species; faster; more accurate ecosystem view
Roles of Bacteria 1. Decomposers 2. Nitrogen fixation 3. Pathogens 4. Symbiotic relationships 5. Fill ecological niches
Binary Fission Purpose: Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes. Steps: DNA replication → cell elongation → division into two identical cells.
Viruses Not cells; require host to replicate
Lytic Cycle Virus replicates → host bursts
Lysogenic Cycle Viral DNA integrates into host genome.
Are viruses alive? Debated. They evolve and replicate (in host) but lack metabolism
Horizontal Gene Transfer - Movement of genes between organisms (not parent → offspring). - 3 Processes: Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation - Negative impacts: Antibiotic resistance spread.
Transformation Uptake of free DNA.
Transduction Via bacteriophage.
Conjugation Plasmid transfer through pilus.
Prions Misfolded proteins causing disease (no DNA/RNA). Not considered alive.
Viroid Small RNA molecules infecting plants. Not considered alive.
E. Coli - Why model organism? Rapid growth, Simple genome, Easy genetic manipulation - Purpose in research: Study gene expression, replication, HGT. - Issue: Some strains cause food poisoning. - Transformation with plasmids: Used in biotechnology.
Created by: user-2003051
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