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Animal Science 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nutrients | Any feed constituent that functions in the support of life |
| Concentrates | High in energy, low in fiber, and highly digestible |
| Roughages | Less digestible |
| Classes of nutrients | Water, Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals |
| Dry matter | The remainder of the feed after accounting for moisture |
| Convert carbohydrates to glucose to assure absorption | Monogastric animals |
| Primary source of carbohydrate in swine and poultry diets | Starch |
| Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHOs) | Carbohydrates, Fats |
| Contain hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen | Proteins |
| Limiting amino acids | Those not provided in sufficient quantity to allow for the normal synthesis of a protein |
| Fats contain ___ times more energy per pound than carbohydrates | 2.25 |
| Proteins in feeds contain ___ N on average | 16% |
| Classified as either essential or nonessential | Amino Acids |
| Most commonly deficient amino acids | Lysine, methionine, and tryptophan |
| Highest value of amino acids | Egg Protein |
| Fat-soluble vitamins | A, D, E, and K |
| Vitamin A | Maintains repair of body linings, deficit affects eyes |
| Vitamin D | Helps with absorption of calcium and phosphorus (sunlight) |
| Vitamin E | Antioxidant, prevents breakdown of cell membranes by free radicals |
| Vitamin K | Blood clotting (is made by microbes) |
| Apparent digestibility | Determined by measuring the difference of what goes in and what comes out |
| Energy | The amount of heat produced when a nutrient is completely oxidized during digestion |
| Provide most of the energy, have a per unit energy cost advantage compared to others | Carbohydrates |
| Maintenance | Animal is neither gaining or losing energy, used to maintain basal metabolism, provide for voluntary activity, generate heat, and provide energy to cool |
| Production | Fetal development, semen development, growth, fat deposition, production of milk, eggs, and wool |
| Feeds | The ingredients in diets of livestock |
| Feedstuff | Can include other nonnutritive products (additives, flavors, preservatives) |
| Feedstuffs that contain >20% protein | Protein supplements |
| Feedstuffs that contain <18% fiber and <20% protein | Energy feeds or concentrates (often high TDN) |
| Mechanical action | Chewing and contractions of the intestinal tract |
| Chemical action | Secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach and bile in the small intestine |
| Enzymatic action | Maltase, lactase, sucrase (act on disaccharides), lipase (act on lipids), and peptidases (act on proteins) |
| Cecum | The blind anterior end of the colon ; where food is fermented |
| Rumen | Large fermentation vat where microbes thrive and break down roughages, covered in papillae to increase surface area |
| Reticulum | Interacts with rumen, initiates mixing of rumen, additional area for fermentation, “honeycomb” structure |
| Omasum | Perhaps some grinding, but not much function, has many folds |
| Abomasum | “True stomach” acts similar to stomach in monogastrics |
| Amylase | Enzyme present in saliva of pigs and humans, acts on starch |
| Enzymes | Organic catalyst that speeds a chemical reaction without being altered by the reaction |
| Volatile fatty acids | Waste products of bacterial fermentation |
| Fermentation process releases | Methane |
| Milk is directed immediately into the abomasum by the | Esophageal groove |
| Compensatory growth | Where above average growth rates occur when nutritional conditions improve (winter) |
| Lactating dairy cows achieve peak lactation approximately ___days after calving | 40 to 60 |
| Milk contains ___ protein | 3% protein |
| If kept indoors, may need to be supplemented | Vitamin D |
| Supplemented in ruminant animals, esp. if fed dry hay | Vitamin A |
| Digestive tract, lungs, and bladder | Endoderm |
| Skeleton, skeletal muscle, and connective tissue | Mesoderm |
| Skin, hair, brain, and spinal cord | Ectoderm |
| Increase in number of muscle fibers | Hyperplasia |
| Biggest increase in size of the fetus during | Last trimester |
| Birthweight is ___ of the mature weight | 5 to 7% |
| Leg length at birth is about ___ of mature leg length | 60% |
| Height at withers is about ___ of mature height | 50% |
| Occurs as a curved line | Postweaning growth |
| Ceases when the animal reaches maturity | True growth |
| As an animal matures, bone growth ___ while muscle development continues | Slows down |
| ___ affects the growth curve | Frame size |
| Frame size (hip height) is also | Maturity type |
| Classify an animal into appropriate age group | Mouthing |
| Front cutting teeth | Incisors |
| Back teeth | Molars |
| Corner teeth are fresh, no signs of wear or age related discoloration | Full mouth |
| All 8 teeth are intact, some signs of wear | Sound mouth |
| Some or all permanent teeth are missing | Broken mouth |
| All teeth are broken, worn to the gums, or missing | Gummer or gummy |
| During first 2/3rds of prenatal period, most increase in muscle weight is from | Hyperplasia |
| Towards the end of gestation and later in life, most is from | Hypertrophy |
| Increase in size of fibers | Hypertrophy |
| Intensive management | Many environmental conditions are controlled |
| Extensive management | Less control of environmental conditions |
| Conduction | Heat flows through a medium where warm molecules transfer energy into a colder mode |
| Convection | Heat transfer arising from air or water movement |
| Evaporation | Release heat through sweating or panting |
| Radiation heat | Transfer between to objects that are not touching |
| Hypoxia | Lack of oxygen |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure |
| Upper critical temperature | Heat stressed animals increase evaporation rate |
| Lower critical temperature | Animal must increase metabolic heat |
| Typical dairy cow will lactate for ___ days | 305 |
| Peak milk is ___to ___ days into lactation | 40, 60 |
| 4 mammary glands that terminate into 4 teats | Cow |
| 2 glands and 2 teats | Sheep/goat |
| 4 glands 2 teats | Mare |
| 6 to 20 glands located in 2 rows, each gland has a teat | Sow |
| Produces milk that is externally secreted through a series of ducts | Exocrine glands |
| Causes duct and cistern growth | Estrogen |
| Causes growth of alveoli | Progesterone |
| Stimulates general cell growth of the mammary gland | Placental lactogen |
| Mortality | Death loss |
| Morbidity | Sickness |
| Noninfectious disease | Results from injury, genetic abnormalities, poor nutrition, etc. |
| Infectious disease | Caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa |
| Immunity | Process by which particles foreign to the body are identified and destroyed or metabolized |
| Natural (native) immunity | Present at birth (skin, secretions, acidic stomach) |
| Passive immunity | Received from colostrum |
| Active immunity | Attained when the individual can initiate its own antibody production against specific invasive antigens |
| Pharmaceuticals | Used to mainly treat disease |
| Biologicals | Used primarily to prevent disease |
| Topical | Applied onto skin |
| Oral | Through the mouth |
| Injection | Via a needle and syringe |
| Subcutaneous | Under skin |
| Intramuscular | Into muscle |
| Intravenous | Into vein |
| Intrammary | The teat canal |
| Intraperitoneal | Into body cavity |
| Intrauterine | Through cervix and into uterus |
| Intranasal | Via inspired air |
| Acquired resistance | Activated when body encounters foreign substances, involves lymphocytes |
| Gain 1.3-2.0 lb/day (Pasture/High Roughage) | Bovine |
| 9 to 12 lb feed/# dressing of gain (Pasture/High Roughage) | Bovine |
| Gain 2.5-3.0 lb/day (High Grain) | Bovine |
| 6 to 8 lb feed/# dressing of gain (High Grain) | Bovine |
| Gain 1.5 lb/day | Porcine |
| 2.5 to 3 lb feed/# dressing of gain | Porcine |
| Gain 0.4 lb/day (Pasture) | Ovine |
| Gain 0.6-0.7 lb/day (Feedlot) | Ovine |
| 6 to 8 lb feed/# dressing of gain (Feedlot) | Ovine |
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