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Informal Fallacies
| Fallacy | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Begging the Question | One of the argument's premises assumes the truth of the conclusion |
| False Dilemma/Alternative/Dichotomy | One of the premises asserts or assumes that only two alternatives exist when there are more than two |
| False Cause (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) | The argument asserts that two events are causally related when there is at best insufficient evidence to establish such a relation |
| Faulty Analogy | The analogy the argument draws is insufficiently strong to support its conclusion |
| Hasty Generalization | The argument draws a general conclusion based on an insufficient number of cases |
| Straw Man | One argues against a position that is relatively easy to defeat and that appears to be that of one's opponent, but is in fact not |
| Appeal to the Person (ad hominem) | Attacks the character of the arguer in order to make critical claims about the arguer's conclusion (it can be either a positive or negative claim) |
| Guilt by Association | Associates the conclusion of the opponent's position, or the opponent themselves, with an unsavory group or person in order to discredit the conclusion or opponent (same but vice versa for virtue) |
| Appeal to Ignorance | An attempt to derive a position from a lack of evidence or knowledge. Neither does the inability to disprove a conclusion provide evidence for the conclusion, nor does the inability to prove a conclusion provide evidence against the conclusion. |
| Appeal to Popularity/Masses | Claims that a conclusion is true on the basis that it is widely believed to be true |
| Appeal to Tradition | Maintains that a conclusion is true on the basis that it is a part of established tradition |
| Appeal to Emotion | Argues for a conclusion by trying to scare someone into it. It can also appeal to positive emotions. |
| Appeal to Authority | Attempts to draw support for a conclusion based on the authority of someone who believes it, even when this authority is irrelevant to the issue at hand |
| Equivocation | Uses the same word in two different senses to draw conclusion |
| Composition | What is true of the parts is also true of the whole |
| Division | What is true of the whole must also be true of the parts |
| Genetic | A conclusion is right or wrong based on its origin as opposed to its evidence |
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