Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
ANP exam 2
blood, immunity, respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of blood | transport (gas exchange, nutrients, chemicals), immune system, homeostasis (pH, ions, blood temp) |
| blood tissue type | connective tissue (because of the plasma matrix |
| blood composition | plasma = matrix (97% water, 7% fibers), cellular elements suspended in the plasma |
| 3 major categories of proteins in plasma | albumin, globulin, fibrinogen |
| albumin | smallest & most abundant, produced in the liver |
| albumin functions | maintain osmotic pressure, buffer pH of blood, assist in transport (colloid osmotic prssure) |
| globulin | most variety and second most abundant. alpha and beta produced in liver, gamma (antibodies) produced by plasma cells |
| globulin functions | solute transport, clotting, immunity |
| fibrinogen | least abundant, produced by the liver |
| fibrinogen function | clotting |
| what are the cellular elements | erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), thrombocytes (platelets) |
| viscosity | resistance of fluid to flow; thickness of the fluid |
| osmolarity | total molarity of dissolved particles that can't pass through the vessel wall; governs reabsorption rate |
| what happens when you decrease viscosity? | decrease in RBCs or protein = increase flow |
| what happens when you increase osmolarity? | increase reabsorption = increase volume = increase blood pressure |
| what happens when you DEcrease osmolarity? | edema |
| hemopoiesis | production of blood, especially the formed elements |
| where do formed elements come from? | stem cells of the red bone marrow, hemopoietic tissues are responsible for this. all come from hemopoetic stem cell |
| what are the hemopoetic stem cells? | hemocytoblast AKA pluripotent stem cells |
| what do hemopoetic stem cells divide into? | lymphoid stem cells, myeloid stem cells |
| what do lymphoid stem cells produce? | lymphocytes (B and T) |
| what do myeloid stem cells produce? | all cell types other than lymphocytes |
| most abundant formed element | erythrocytes (RBC) |
| what does hematocrit or PCV measure? | the amount of RBC in the blood (should be 37-52%) |
| function of RBC | Oxygen from lungs to tissue, CO2 from tissues to lungs |
| describe the form of an erythrocyte | discoidal, biconcave. lose nucleus in early development. make ATP via anaerobic fermentation, cytoplasm is 33% hemoglobin and contains enzyme carbonic anhydrase. red pigment. outerglycolipids determine blood type. inner proteins (spectrin and actin) |
| what do spectrin and actin do? | give resilience and durability so cell can squeeze, stretch, and bend |
| how much hemoglobin should be in the blood? | 12-18g/dL of blood |
| what does hemoglobin do? | carries O2, transports CO2, buffers pH of blood. 4 protein chains called globin, each bound to a heme group. each heme group carries 1 oxygen molecule |
| how long does an erythrocyte live? | about 120 days |
| what are the steps of erythropoiesis? | hem. stem cell differentiates > erythropoietin from kidneys transforms cell into erythroblast > multiply and synth. hemoglobin > lose nucleus and become reticulocytes > leave bone marrow and enter circulation > ribosomes disintegrate and cells now mature |
| why do RBCs break down over time? | no organelles. also as spectrin ages, the cells break as they squeeze through places like the spleen |
| what is hemolysis? | rupture of RBCs |
| what happens to the cell membrane during hemolysis? | easily digested by the cell |
| what happens to the hemoglobin during hemolysis? | 1. macrophages separate heme from globin, iron removed from heme, heme into biliverdin into bilirubin, iron and bilirubin released in blood 2. bilirubin bind albumin 3. liver removes bilirubin > secretes in bile 4. convert into urobilinogen in s. intes |
| what is anemia | deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin |
| what causes anemia? | inadequate synthesis (kidney failure=no erythropoietin; dietary deficiency=no iron) hemorrhagic anemia hemolytic anemia |
| consequences of anemia | hypoxia decrease blood osmolarity (edema) decrease blood viscosity (iron deficiency) |
| what is the least abundant formed element? | leukocytes |
| leukopenia | occurs when low numbers of WBCs |
| consequences of leukopenia | higher risk of infection |
| leukocytosis indicates | infection, allergy, disease, sometimes dehydration |
| differential count | the % of each type of WBC |
| leukocyte function | provide protection from infection and disease |
| leukocyte form | retain organelles. can be distinguished by their granules and nuclei |
| granulocytes | leukocytes that contain specific granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) |
| agranulocytes | lacks specific granules (lymphocytes, monocytes) |
| neutrophils | most abundant. 60-70%. 3-5 lobed nucleus. reddish/violet granules with lysozyme. aggressively antibacterial |
| first responder | neutrophils |
| eosinophil | 2-4% of WBCs. lobed nucleus. abundance of coarse, rosy/orange granules. antiparasitic: secretes chemicals that destroy parasites and phagocytize allergens, Ag-Ab complexes, and inflammatory chemicals |
| basophils | <0.5% of WBCs. pale nucleus hidden behind granules. abundance of coarse, dark violet granules. secrete: histamine and heparin |
| histamine | vasodilator |
| heparin | anticoagulant |
| lymphocytes | 25-33% of WBCs. smallest. round or ovoid nucleus that fills almost entire cell. B and T cells |
| monocytes | 3-8% of WBCs. largest. big horse shoe shaped nucleus. works in tissues as macrophages and are highly phagocytic |
| leukopoiesis | production of WBCs |
| myeloblasts | become granulocytes |
| monoblasts | become monocytes |
| lymphoblasts | become lymphocytes |
Created by:
jamjagten
Popular Science sets