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Psych chp.14-15
14-15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stress | a process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events that they appraise as overwhelming or threatening to their well-being |
| stressors | importance of how we appraise—that is, judge—demanding or threatening events |
| primary appraisal | involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail |
| secondary appraisal | The perception of a threat triggers a secondary appraisal: judgment of the options available to cope with a stressor, as well as perceptions of how effective such options will be |
| state of stress | If a person appraises an event as harmful and believes that the demands imposed by the event exceed the available resources to manage or adapt to it, the person will subjectively experience a state of stress |
| eustress | a good kind of stress associated with positive feelings, optimal health, and performance |
| Distress | People who reach this level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline. If the stress remains excessive, health may begin to erode as well |
| health psychology | subfield of psychology devoted to understanding the importance of psychological influences on health, illness, and how people respond when they become ill |
| Walter Cannon | an eminent American physiologist at Harvard Medical School. In the early part of the 20th century, Cannon was the first to identify the body’s physiological reactions to stress |
| fight-or-flight response | a person experiences very strong emotions.The body is rapidly aroused by activation of both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. This arousal helps prepare the person to either fight or flee from a perceived threat. |
| Hans Selye | He would eventually become one of the world’s foremost experts in the study of stress (engaged in research involving sex hormones in rats) |
| general adaptation syndrome | body’s nonspecific physiological response to stress |
| Alarm reaction | describes the body’s immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency, and it is roughly analogous to the fight-or-flight response described by Cannon. |
| Stage of resistance | During this stage, the initial shock of alarm reaction has worn off and the body has adapted to the stressor. |
| Stage of exhaustion | At this stage, the person is no longer able to adapt to the stressor: the body’s ability to resist becomes depleted as physical wear takes its toll on the body’s tissues and organs. |
| Selye’s general adaptation syndrome | suggests that stressors tax the body via a three-phase process—an initial jolt, subsequent readjustment, and a later depletion of all physical resources—that ultimately lays the groundwork for serious health problems and even death. |
| hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis | set of structures found in both the limbic system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary gland and adrenal glands) that regulate many of the body’s physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones |
| Cortisol | commonly known as a stress hormone and helps provide that boost of energy when we first encounter a stressor, preparing us to run away or fight. However, sustained elevated levels of cortisol weaken the immune system. |
| traumatic events | or situations in which a person is exposed to actual or threatened death or serious injury. |
| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | chronic stress reaction characterized by experiences and behaviors that may include intrusive memories of the stressor event, jumpiness, persistent negative emotional states, detachment from others, angry outbursts, and avoidance of reminders of the event |
| Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) | popular scale designed to measure stress; consists of 43 potentially stressful events, each of which has a numerical value quantifying how much readjustment is associated with the event |
| Daily hassles | the minor irritations and annoyances that are part of our everyday lives (e.g., rush hour traffic, lost keys)—can build on one another and leave us just as stressed as life change events |
| job strain | a work situation that combines excessive job demands and workload with little discretion in decision making or job control |
| job burnout | a general sense of emotional exhaustion and cynicism in relation to one’s job |
| exhaustion | a sense that one’s emotional resources are drained or that one is at the end of their rope and has nothing more to give at a psychological level. |
| Second, job burnout | characterized by depersonalization: a sense of emotional detachment between the worker and the recipients of their services, often resulting in callous, cynical, or indifferent attitudes toward these individuals. |
| Third, job burnout | characterized by diminished personal accomplishment, which is the tendency to evaluate one’s work negatively |
| psychophysiological disorders | Physical disorders or diseases whose symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors are called psychophysiological disorders |
| Immune system | Structures, cells, and mechanisms that serve to protect the body from microorganisms that can harm the body’s tissues and organs. When it is working as it should, it keeps us healthy by eliminating bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances |
| immunosuppression | decreased effectiveness of the immune system |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | the field that studies how psychological factors such as stress influence the immune system and immune functioning. |
| lymphocytes | white blood cells that circulate in the body’s fluids that are important in the immune response |
| hypertension | high blood preasure |
| Type A | individuals tend to be intensively driven workaholics who are preoccupied with deadlines and always seem to be in a rus |
| Type B | those who are more relaxed and laid-back |
| Negative affectivity | a tendency to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness |
| Asthma | a chronic and serious disease in which the airways of the respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs |
| Migraine headaches | a type of headache thought to be caused by blood vessel swelling and increased blood flow |
| Coping | refers to mental and behavioral efforts that we use to deal with problems relating to stress. |
| Problem-focused coping | one attempts to manage or alter the problem that is causing one to experience stress (i.e., the stressor) |
| Problem-focused coping strategies | similar to strategies used in everyday problem-solving: they typically involve identifying the problem, considering possible solutions, weighing the costs and benefits of these solutions, and then selecting an alternative |
| Emotion-focused coping | consists of efforts to change or reduce the negative emotions associated with stress. Can be thought of as treating the symptoms rather than the actual cause |
| Perceived control | our beliefs about our personal capacity to exert influence over and shape outcomes, and it has major implications for our health and happiness |
| Social support | can be thought of as the soothing impact of friends, family, and acquaintances |
| relaxation response technique | combines relaxation with transcendental meditation, and consists of four components |
| 1. | sitting upright on a comfortable chair with feet on the ground and body in a relaxed position |
| 2. | being in a quiet environment with eyes closed |
| 3. | repeating a word or a phrase—a mantra—to oneself, such as “alert mind, calm body” |
| 4. | passively allowing the mind to focus on pleasant thoughts, such as nature or the warmth of your blood nourishing your body. |
| Biofeedback | a technique that uses electronic equipment to accurately measure a person’s neuromuscular and autonomic activity |
| the pleasant life | is realized through the attainment of day-to-day pleasures that add fun, joy, and excitement to our lives. |
| the good life | life is achieved through identifying our unique skills and abilities and engaging these talents to enrich our lives |
| the meaningful life | -involves a deep sense of fulfillment that comes from using our talents in the service of the greater good |
| positive psychology | can be thought of as the science of happiness; it is an area of study that seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to greater fulfillment in our lives. |
| positive affect | refers to pleasurable engagement with the environment, such as happiness, joy, enthusiasm, alertness, and excitement (feeling) |
| optimism | the general tendency to look on the bright side of things (expect) |
| flow | Flow is described as a particular experience that is so engaging and engrossing that it becomes worth doing for its own sake |
| psychological disorder | is “a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. |
| Psychopathology | is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms |
| etiology | (i.e., their causes), and treatment |
| atypical | would deviate from the norm |
| harmful dysfunction. | defined psychological disorder as a harmful dysfunction. |
| diagnosis | that is, appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms—is absolutely crucial. |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)- | authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) |
| comorbidity | the co-occurrence of two disorders |
| International Classification of Diseases (ICD) | authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO) |
| supernatural | attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding |
| The biological perspective | views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities |
| The Diathesis-Stress Model of Psychological Disorders- | integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder. This diathesis-stress model suggests that people are more likely than others to develop a disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events |
| Anxiety disorders | characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior |
| specific phobia | (formerly known as simple phobia) experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation |
| Agoraphobia | literally means “fear of the marketplace,” is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack |
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