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OCEA 101 Exam 2
UCSC
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the Redfield Ratio | 106:16:1 |
| C:N:P Changes (t/f) | true |
| Steps of the Biological Pump | production remineralization/regeneration/respiration export/burial |
| What are the iron limiting regions | Southern Ocean Equatorial Pacific North Pacific |
| Why is the North Atlantic not Fe limited? | source of Fe from dust deposition (Sahara Desert) |
| Where are diatoms found? | polar and upwelling regions |
| What are coccolithophores made of? | CaCO3 |
| What is true about dinoflagellates? can sometimes be harmful red found in subpolar regions | all of the above |
| What type of organism are cyanobacteria? | survivalists |
| Microbes include... | bacteria virus archaea |
| Holoplankton life their entire lives in plankton form (t/f) | true |
| What kind of plankton is the plankton from Spongebob? | copepod |
| Which of these are not phytoplankton? annelids jellies synechococcus crustacean | synechococcus |
| What is the importance of diel vertical migration? | feeding escape predator reproduction |
| What are sources of phosphate? | farmland atmosphere sewage |
| Nitrification is the process of... | nitrate to nitrite to ammonium |
| Nekton are plankton (t/f) | false |
| At low nutrients, cyanobacteria take up nutrients... | quickly |
| Droop Kinetics | cell can store nutrients for later use |
| According to Stoke's Law, how long it takes for particle to sink depends on... | density of the particle |
| What is true about Archaea? are not diverse very abundant outcompete bacteria and virus can use other sources of energy, such as metals, H2, lithogenic materials | can use other sources of energy, such as metals, H2, lithogenic materials |
| Characteristics of nekton swim against current are planktonic passive organism are not mammals | swim against current |
| Why are zooplankton important? use up organic material and release inorganic nutrients back to the water export photosynthesize and take up atmospheric carbon trophic energy transfer | use up organic material and release inorganic nutrients back to the water export trophic energy transfer |
| NPP varies across the ocean (t/f) | true |
| Copepods outnumber planktonic groups because... | they are the most abundant (50-90%) |
| Biological Pump (no climate change) | CO2 in steady state with atmosphere, efficient biological pump, high sequestration, effective carbon export |
| Biological Pump (climate change) | increased CO2, slower biological pump, less efficiency, reduced carbon export, lowered sequestration |
| What does POM and DOM stand for? | Particulate organic matter and dissolved organic matter |
| How do we calculate NPP from GPP? | NPP=GPP-Respiration |
| Where is nitrogen limited? | North and South Pacific and North and South Atlantic, and summertime in the Arctic Ocean |
| Where is phosphorus limited? | North Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and some parts of the Western South Atlantic and North Indian Ocean |
| Micronutrients are... | most important: Fe, Zn, Co, Mn others: Mg, Cu, Ni, Mo, B Vitamins e.g. B12, biotin, thiamine |
| Macronutrients are... | Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Silica |
| Survivalist | Has a high N:P ratio (> 30) Can sustain growth when resources are low Contains resource-acquisition machinery Example organism: cyanobacteria Dominant: tropical regions Areas with high temperatures and low nutrients Vulnerable to climate change |
| Bloomer | Has a low N:P ratio (< 10) Adapted for exponential growth Contains growth machinery Example organism: diatoms Dominant: polar regions, hot spots in southern ocean Areas with low temperatures and high nutrients Thrives in climate change |
| Generalist | Has a N:P ratio near the redfield ratio Balances growth and acquisition machinery Example organism: dinoflagellates and coccolithophores Dominant: midlatitudes Areas with medium temperatures and medium nutrients Tolerate climate change |
| Microbial Loop | Microbes consume dissolved organic matter that would have been unusable and converts it into biomass that can be converted to energy for higher parts of the food web through consumption |
| Microbial Mat | Thick and diverse biofilms of bacteria and archaea that are organized and color-coded based on availability of light and nutrients Organized based on waste. The microbe mat on top's waste feeds the one below it |
| Stromatolite | layered, rocky structures built over thousands of years by colonies of cyanobacteria in shallow water |
| How is climate change impacting microbial mats and stromatolites? | Rising sea levels, increased temperatures, ocean acidification, intense storm events Alter metabolic processes, disrupt nutrient cycling, and cause physical damage |
| Lytic Pathway | Virus takes over the host cell's machinery to replicate its genome and produce many copies. The host cell is then destroyed (lysed), bursting open to release new virions to infect other cells Coral Reef |
| Temperate Pathway | Virus injects its genome, and integrates into host cell's DNA. The virus is dormant and replicated along with the host's DNA during normal cell division without immediately harming the host. Eventually trigger it to enter the lytic pathway. Cloudy Water |
| Meroplankton | Spend one or more life stages outside of plankton (Typically larvae of benthic invertebrates) |
| Demersal plankton | Live on the bottom during the day (Some cumacea, amphipoda, ostracoda, mysidacea, and foraminifera) |
| Foraminifera | Benthic or planktonic (demersal) Seafloor carbonate ooze Extremely important in CaCO3 flux to the deep sea and paleoceanography Useful to run isotopes and age sediments as well as showing the effects of climate change |
| Radiolarians | Silica skeletons (spike balls made of glass) Make-up some of the siliceous oozes’ sediments Live within a somewhat narrow temperature range (as temperature increases, they will expand their habitats and move toward the poles) |
| Ciliates | Protists with hair-like organelles (they can use these hair-like organelles to move) |
| Siphonophores (Cnidaria, 95% of their body is made up of water) | Stingers, buoyant, pulsate-propulsion. |
| Ctenophores (Comb jellies) | Always pelagic, marine, and carnivorous Can be invasive species because they follow their prey. Can eat a LOT, and at a high rate. |
| Chordate: Thaliacea (Salps, sea-squirts) | Can create large dense blooms. Jet propulsion Mucus net strains pumped water. |
| Chordate: Larvacea | Mucus house, where they filter food through it. Extremely useful for marine snow and export flux, utilize the mucus to aggregate particles. |
| Chaetognatha (Arrow Worms) | Not very diverse but highly abundant along coastal waters Play an important role in food webs, since they are an intermediate between small zooplankton and fish. |
| Annelids (Marine Worms) | Polychaetes and Hirudinea (leeches) Have segmentation. Do have life stages that are planktonic, therefore they are meroplankton. |
| Mollusca (All most all are Meroplankton) | Gatropoda (Pteropods and Heteropods) Bivalvia (Mussels, hinged shelled organisms) Cephalopoda (Squids, Octopuses) |
| Copepod | The most abundant animal organism on Earth. They make up 50 to 90% of zooplankton in any given sample (globally). Antennae and appendages used to paddle/move through the water column. |
| Amphipods | Large compound eye Mostly pelagic taxa |
| Crustacean Larvae (Meroplankton) | Grow into benthic organisms like shrimp, lobsters, etc. |
| Euphausiid (krill) | Red in color; we can see them from satellite. We also know what organisms eat them because fecal pallets will have red. |
| Zooplankton Diet | herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores. |
| Zooplankton Movement | Have a lower than 1000 Re; viscous forces dominate! Meaning they can move but cannot go against the current. For movement, some can use their organelles and others jump or ‘hop and sink’ |
| “Reverse” Vertical Migration | As large zooplankton do diel vertical migration, some small zooplankton will move in the opposite direction to avoid predators. Small zooplankton will live at the surface during the day and move to depth during the night. |
| Nekton | Actively move against water currents |
| Moving up the food web, what happens to biomass and abundance of species? | Moving up the food web, both the total biomass and the numerical abundance of species decrease |
| Resilience | Increased: large population, migratory, behavioral plasticity, resistant to disease and stress Decreased: small population, local, behavioral rigidity, susceptible to disease and stress |
| Hydrodynamic Adaptation | Swimming |
| Hydrostatic Adaptation | Change density |
| Adaptation: Coloration Countershading | Fish |
| Adaptation: Coloration Counterillumination | Masking silhouette with ventral photophores Match the intensity and angle of downwelling light Case study: plainfin midshipman, Porichthys notatus |
| Adaptation: Jet Propulsion | Funnel - organ projecting from mantle Multidirectional Expel water, waste, ink, eggs Case Study: Squid |
| Adaptation: Schooling | Variable abundance Single species, similar size and age Fixed spacing Maintained by cues Case Study: Anchovies |
| Deep Sea Adaptation: Size and Color | Tiburonia granrojo |
| Deep Sea Adaptation: Bioluminescent Lure | Anglerfish |
| Deep Sea Adaptation: Counterillumination | Hatchetfish |
| Deep Sea Adaptation: Feeding Adaptations | Viperfish |
| Deep Sea Adaptation: Mating | Myctophid |
| Where are deep sea vents found? | Along mid-ocean ridges on divergent boundaries in the deep ocean |
| Vent Colonization | Eruption --> microbial mat -->crab, shrimp, fish, and scavengers --> tube worms --> mussels |
| Deep Sea Seeps | Seafloor areas where methane and hydrogen sulfide leak Rely on chemosynthesis Dense communities of specialized bacteria, tubeworms, mussels, and clams |
Created by:
madirene
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