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Evolution Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | The gradual change in a species over time |
| Catastrophism | sudden geologic events can cause extinction |
| Cuvier | Catastrophism |
| Lyell | Uniformitarianism |
| Uniformitarianism | Farth's crust is constantly changed by geological forces |
| Malthus | here are forces which prevent overpopulation from destroying the Earth |
| Lamarck | nheritance of acquired (not genetic) characteristics leads to evolution |
| Darwin | evolution is caused by natural selection |
| Natural Selection | Aprocess in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. |
| Adaptation | A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce |
| Fitness | The measure of an organism's genetic contribution to the next generation |
| Fossils | remains or traces of organisms from the past |
| Strata | layers of rock |
| Principle of Superposition | states that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the youngest in on top |
| Steno | principle of superposition |
| transitional species | a species w/ traits that are intermediate between those of older and younger species. |
| homologous structures | similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor |
| Bones of the arm/forelimb | examples of homologous structures |
| analogous structures | structures that have a similar function and DO NOT indicate common ancestry |
| wings | example of an analogous structure |
| vestigial structures | a structure that has not function but resembles functional structures in related organisms |
| human tailbone | example of vestigial structure |
| Embryological Evidence | embryos that resemble each other longer are more closely related |
| molecular evidence | organisms with greater similarities in DNA are more closely related |
| convergent evolution | different species evolve similar traits as they adapt to a similar environment or due to similar evolutionary pressures |
| analogous structures are formed through | convergent evolution |
| homologous structures are formed through | divergent evolution |
| divergent evolution | descendants of a common ancestor become more different as each adapts to its own environment |
| adaptive radiation | rapid divergent evolution that occurs in a new environment |
| Coevolution | process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other |
| artificial selection | divergent evolution caused by humans using selective breeding |
| Resistance | divergent evolution caused by the misuse of antibiotics or pesticides |
| Chemosynthesis | 1st autotrophs: used inorganic compounds to make food |
| Benefits of photosynthesis | oxygen based atmosphere; ozone layer |
| Endosymbiosis | explains how eukaryotes evolved: small aerobe was engulfed by larger cell |
| evidence for endosymbiosis | Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own plasmid shaped DNA and each self-replicates |
| 1st cells | heterotrophic, anaerobic, prokaryotic, unicellular |
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