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Biology - Unit 2

TermDefinition
Protists Primarily single-celled eukaryotic organisms. Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Protozoans animal-like protists
Algae plant-like protists
Basal eukaryotes the more ancient protists
Crown Eukaryotes protists that are more complex and diverged late.
Excavata single-celled organisms identified primarily by the presence of an “excavated” feeding groove found on one side of the cell
Parabasalia flagellated protists with an undulating membrane that are always found in association with animals
Hydrogenosomes the reduced mitochondria Parabasalia have; generate energy anaerobically, releasing H2 as a by-product.
Diplomonadida flagellated protists that can live either in association with animals or in stagnant freshwater environments.
Mitosomes The modified mitochondria that Diplomonadida possess.
Cysts Protective dormancy structures
Discicristata The major Excavata group that possess more typical mitochondria. Have flagella, but also possess a spiral or crystalline rod within the flagellar membrane.
pellicle the elongated cell shape that is covered in protein, possessed by Discicristata.
Euglenida one major Discicristata subgroup, posseess 1 or 2 flagella.
mixotrophs organisms that possess chloroplasts and can perform photosynthesis, but can also be heterotrophic and injest food particles.
Kinetoplastida A major Discicristata subgroup that all have a kinetoplast, a mass of mitochondrial DNA usually found near the flagella attachment end of the cell.
Chromalveolata A major supergroup that include 2 large subgroups; Stramenopiles and Alveolates.
Stramenopiles The "S" of "SAR". A diverse group of protists that; possess 2 flagella at some point in their life, use chlorophyll c and pigments not found in terrestrial plants, and do not produce starch, instead using a storage carb called laminarin.
laminarin Storage carbohydrate possessed by Stramenopiles instead of starch like plants.
oomycetes Water molds that have fungi-like filamentous bodies and absorb nutrition from their surroundings, making them parasites.
diatoms Stramenopiles encased in protective silica shells embedded in an organic matrix.
frustules The silica walls of diatoms that can take on interesting shapes.
Raphes Two long grooves in the frustules of diatoms, used to move.
diatomaceous earth Deposits of diatom shells.
Brown algae Largest and most complex algae group, are multicellular, commonly referred to as seaweed.
fucoxanthin Photosynthetic accessory pigment that causes the distinct color in brown algae.
thallus A plant-like body structure found in brown algae.
Hold-fast the "roots" of brown algae
stipe the "stem" of brown algae
blade the "leaves" of brown algae
pneumatocysts Gas filled bladders in algae that provide buoyancy.
Golden algae typically biflagellated, all photosynthetic with some mixotrophs, color results from yellow and brown carotenoids.
Alveolata The "A" in "SAR". Have a series of flattened sacs just beneath the cell membrane. Possess mitochondria with tubular-shaped cristae.
dinoflagellates Alveolates that have two flagella at different orientations. One is longitudinal, the other is transverse. Possess cell walls composed of overlapping cellulose plates.
Theca The overlapping cell walls composed of overlapping cellulose plates in dinoflagellates.
Plankton dinoflagellates are considered part of this general group of microscopic water organisms.
Red Tides Population explosion of dinoflagellates. Named because of the abundance of red pigments found in them.
Apicomplexa Dinoflagellates that are obligate parasites of animals. All possess a large organelle complex called an apical complex
Apical complex the large organelle complex possessed by Apicomplexa.
sporozoite The Apicomplexa form that enters into its host.
ciliates Characterized by their abundant cilia.
contractile vacuole Structure that regulates water inside a Ciliate.
macronucleus A large diploid (or polyploid) nucleus that carries out the main nuclear functions in ciliates.
micronucleus A smaller haploid nucleus that can be swapped between ciliates during the conjugation process.
trichocysts Specialized structures associated with the cilia that shoot out like darts to offer protection or immobilize prey possessed by ciliates.
Rhizaria The "R" of "SAR". Consist of amoebae-like cells that possess pseudopodia.
pseudopodia cytoplasmic extensions used for locomotion and food obtainment.
tests elaborate, protective cells possessed by Rhizaria.
foraminiferans Rhizaria that have multichambered calcium carbonate shells (tests).
radiolarians Rhizaria that have silica shells.
cercozoans Rhizaria that have thin pseudopodia but no shells.
Archaeplastida Supergroup that contains red algae and green algae, but also land plants.
Red algae Archaeplastida that are predominantly marine autotrophs that are multicellular, use a modified form of starch as a storage carb, possess chlorophyll a.
phycobilins unique pigments red algae possess.
Green algae believed to be the protist ancestors to true plants, use chlorophyll a and b, use starch an storage, and have cellulose cell walls.
Pyrenoids regions of starch formation in the chloroplasts in Archaeplastida.
Unikonta identified by their one flagella, contains Amoeboza and Opisthokonta.
Amoebozoa strictly protist, name refers to their method of locomotion of using lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia.
Tubulinids Different types of amoebae protists belonging to the Amoeboza lineage.
acellular slime molds found as amoboid cells during at least one point in their life cycle.
plasmodium the feeding phase of acellular slime molds consisting of a thin mass of cytoplasm.
cellular slime molds differ from plasmodial slime molds because they have a pseudoplasmodium.
pseudoplasmodium a dense aggregation of individual cells that move in a slug-like mass.
Opisthokonta Only has a few protist members, includes true fungi and animals and their direct protist ancestors.
Endosymbiosis when certain unicellular organisms engulf other cells which then perpetuate within the larger cell.
secondary endosymbiosis when organisms engulf another organism that has already engulfed an organism.
nucleomorph a small, vestigial nucleus within a chlorarachniophytes' chloroplast.
Fungi a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, or the fruiting body of such an organism
Saprotrophs organisms that feed on dead organic matter.
spores how fungi propagate
nucleariids amoeba-like protists from which fungi likely originate from.
hyphae a body of highly branched filaments which make up almost all fungi and their structure.
mycelium the fungi body mass hyphae makes up.
fruiting body a fungi's sexual structure arising from the mycelium.
nonseptate hypha a type of hyphae fungi can possess where the cytoplasm streams along the length of the filament encircling multiple nuclei, no distinct separated cells.
coenocytic refers to no distinct separated cells in fungi.
Septate hypha a type of hyphae fungi can possess that have partitions between cells called septa.
yeasts many single-celled fungi
chitin what fungal cell walls are composed of; a modified carbohydrate.
pheromones specific sexual hormones
heterokaryotic the structure formed when fungi hyphae fuse and the haploid nuclei from each remain separate and distinct.
plasmogamy the fusion of fungal hyphae.
dikaryotic the most common type of fungal heterokaryotic condition.
heterokaryon A dikaryotic mycelium
karyogamy A process in which the haploid nuclei fuse to create a diploid structure just prior to meiosis in fungi.
microsporidians single-celled eukaryotes that were once thought only to be distantly related to fungi.
polar tube the unique structure microsporidians use to penetrate the cell membrane of their host cells, which acts as a conduit for contents of the microsporidian to enter
chytrids Microscopic fungi, unicellular, and many are aquatic, the only aquatic fungi known.
zoospores The mobile, flagellated spores chytrids produce.
zygomycetes hyphae of two opposite mating types can fuse, forming a heterokaryotic reproductive structure with a tough outer coat called a zygospore, a sporangium and the resulting spores can also be produced asexually through mitosis
Ascomycota Also known as Sac Fungi, it is named after the sac-like structure found at the tips of certain hyphae where their spores are contained, called asci.
Asci sac-like structure found at the tips of certain hyphae where their spores are contained
ascospores spores generated by ascus.
ascocarps the fruiting bodies of Ascomycota.
Conidia spores generated by means of asexual reproduction by ascomycota, not enclosed in asci
Basidiomycota form fruiting bodies often referred to as mushrooms, toadstools and shelf fungus (classic mushrooms)
basidiocarps the fruiting bodies commonly referred to as mushrooms.
basidia the structure where spores are found unenclosed in Basidiomycota.
basidiospores the spores of Basidiomycota.
Dikarya the subkingdom Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are sometimes considered.
Lichens the result of a symbiotic relationship between a fungi and an algae. the fungus provides support and protection against UV light and desiccation for the algae, and in return the algae provide food for themselves as well as the fungus.
crustose the encrusting form of the body of a lichen.
foliose the leaf-like form of the body of a lichen.
fruticose the shrub-like or branching form of the body of a lichen.
Thallus the body of a lichen.
soredia in lichen, fragments of hyphae with some algae cells are dispersed by the wind to grow in new areas
mycorrhizae associations between fungi and plant roots
ectomycorrhizal fungi wrap around roots, but do not penetrate the plant body to a great extent.
endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate into the plant roots, their specialized hyphae are called haustoria.
endophytes fungi that live entirely within the plant between the cells.
Mycosis a fungal-based infection
Created by: MaddieIcekamp
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