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Lab Exam #2 Guide
The Lymphatic System & Immunity
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the primary function of the lymphatic system? | Transports tissue fluid (lymph) to blood vessels. |
| Through which two large ducts does lymph return to the blood? | Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct. |
| How do lymphatic vessels differ from veins? | They are thinner, have more valves, and anastomose (branch) more. |
| Where is lymph filtered as it travels through the body? | In lymph nodes. |
| What is the cisterna chyli? | What is the cisterna chyli? The enlarged terminus of the thoracic duct that receives lymph from digestive organs. |
| Where are lymphoid cells found? | In lymph organs and connective tissue of other organs. |
| What is diffuse lymphoid tissue? | Loosely packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers in connective tissue of every organ. |
| What are lymphoid follicles? | Tightly packed lymphoid cells; form larger lymph organs like lymph nodes or isolated patches (e.g., Peyer’s patches). |
| What are primary lymph organs? | Organs where lymphoid cells mature: red bone marrow (B-cells) and thymus (T-cells). |
| What are secondary lymph organs? | Sites where lymphoid cells first encounter antigens. |
| What is the structure of a lymph node? | Dense fibrous capsule with trabeculae forming compartments; superficial cortex has mitotic B-cells, deep regions have T-cells, dendritic cells throughout, medulla contains B- and T-cells. |
| Name the four tonsils. | Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual, and tubal tonsils. |
| What constitutes the first line of defense in immunity? | Surface barriers: skin and mucous membranes. |
| : What are the internal defenses (2nd line of defense)? | Cells and processes that respond to pathogens: phagocytes, natural killer cells, interferons, complement, inflammation, and fever. |
| What are phagocytes? | Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens; contribute to adaptive immunity. |
| What do natural killer (NK) cells do? | Promote apoptosis in virally infected or cancerous cells; recognize general cell abnormalities. |
| What are interferons? | Proteins released by virus-infected cells to protect neighboring uninfected cells. |
| What is the complement system? | Series of blood proteins that can lyse pathogens, enhance phagocytosis (opsonization), and intensify inflammation when activated. |
| What is inflammation? | A process involving chemicals and cells that prevents pathogen spread, promotes tissue repair, and disposes of dead cells. |
| What is fever? | A systemic response triggered by pyrogens; raises body temperature to discourage microbial growth and speed tissue repair. |
| What constitutes the 3rd line of defense? | Adaptive immunity – specific defenses that target particular pathogens (lymphocyte-mediated responses). |
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mdonovan8742
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