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Lab 2 Exam Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| About how big is the human heart? | About the size of a fist. |
| Where is the heart located? | In the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. |
| What does the apex of the heart do? | Extends slightly to the left and rests on the diaphragm. |
| What encloses the heart? | The pericardium. |
| What is the muscular wall of the heart called? | Myocardium. |
| What are the layers of the pericardium? | Visceral pericardium (inner layer) and parietal pericardium (outer layer). |
| How many atria does the heart have and what is their function? | Two superior atria; they are receiving chambers. |
| What are auricles and their function? | Ear-like muscular pouches from the atria that increase atrial capacity. |
| How many ventricles are in the heart and what is their function? | Two inferior ventricles; they are discharging chambers, the “pumps” of the heart. |
| What separates the atria and ventricles? | Longitudinal division called the interatrial (between atria) or interventricular (between ventricles) septum. |
| How does blood enter the right atrium? | Via the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus. |
| Where does the right ventricle pump blood? | Into the pulmonary trunk. |
| Where does the left ventricle pump blood? | Into the aorta. |
| How does blood enter the left atrium? | Via four pulmonary veins. |
| What are atrioventricular (AV) valves and their function? | Valves between atria and ventricles that prevent backflow of blood. |
| How are AV valve flaps anchored? | By chordae tendineae (“heart strings”). |
| Name the left AV Valves | bicuspid (mitral) |
| Name the right AV Valves | tricuspid valve. |
| What is the pulmonary circuit? | Right heart pumps blood to the lungs to unload CO₂ and pick up O₂. |
| What is the systemic circuit? | Left heart pumps oxygenated blood to body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. |
| What is the cardiac circuit? | Right and left coronary arteries come off the aorta above the aortic semilunar valve and encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus. |
| What is the SA node? | Sinoatrial node; provides the stimulus for contraction and is the pacemaker. |
| Describe the conduction path of the heart. | SA node → atria → AV node → AV bundle → right & left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers → ventricular contraction. |
| What are the three waves of a typical ECG? | P wave, QRS complex, T wave. |
| What are arrhythmias? | Irregular heart rhythms |
| What is tachycardia? | Heart rate over 100 beats/min. |
| What is bradycardia? | Heart rate under 60 beats/min. |
| What is fibrillation? | Rapid, uncoordinated heart contractions that make the heart ineffective. |
| In which direction do arteries carry blood? | Away from the heart. |
| What is the primary function of capillaries? | Exchange vessels for gases, nutrients, and wastes in body organs and tissues. |
| In which direction do veins carry blood? | Toward the heart. |
| What are the three layers of arteries and veins? | Tunica interna (intima), tunica media, and tunica externa (adventitia). |
| What is the lumen of a blood vessel? | The central blood-containing space. |
| What is the structure of capillaries? | Endothelium with a sparse basal lamina. |
| What are elastic arteries and their function? | Large arteries with lots of elastic tissue; act as pressure reservoirs. |
| What are muscular arteries? | Smaller distributing arteries delivering blood to specific organs. |
| What are arterioles and their function? | Smallest arteries (resistance vessels); alter flow into capillary beds via constriction/dilation. |
| What are venules? | The smallest veins; very porous like capillaries. |
| What are arterial anastomoses? | Alternate pathways (collateral channels) to a body region. |
| Define blood flow. | Volume of blood flowing in a vessel, organ, or entire circulation (cardiac output for whole circulation). |
| Define blood pressure. | Force/unit area exerted on vessel walls by blood (measured in mm Hg) |
| What is resistance in blood vessels? | Opposition to flow; most is in systemic circulation and called Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR). |
| Define systole | contraction |
| Define Diastole | relaxation. |
| What is the cardiac cycle? | One complete heartbeat, including systole and diastole. |
| What is the dicrotic notch? | Pressure fluctuation seen in arteries during the cardiac cycle caused by semilunar valve closure. |
| How is stroke volume (SV) calculated? | SV = End Diastolic Volume (EDV) – End Systolic Volume (ESV). |
| What causes the “lub” (S1) heart sound? | Closure of the AV valves at the start of ventricular systole. |
| What causes the “dub” (S2) heart sound? | Closure of the semilunar valves at the end of systole. |
| What is systolic pressure? | The high pressure during ventricular contraction |
| What is diastolic pressure? | The lowest pressure just before the heart contracts again (relaxation pressure). |
| What is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and how is it calculated? | Pressure that propels blood to tissues; MAP = Diastolic Pressure + (Pulse Pressure / 3). |
| How is blood pressure measured? | Using a sphygmomanometer; systolic pressure is recorded first, diastolic second, determined by Korotkoff sounds heard with a stethoscope. |
Created by:
mdonovan8742
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