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BIOL chapter 2 terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Microevolution | Change in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next |
| Population | Group of individuals of same species in same area where allele frequencies are measured |
| Genetic Variation | Differences in DNA among individuals that make evolution possible |
| Mutation (germ line) | Change in heritable DNA that creates new alleles |
| New Allele | Variant form of a gene created by mutation |
| Chromosomal Change | Large-scale structural change in chromosomes during meiosis |
| Chromosome Fusion | Two ancestral chromosomes join into one |
| Crossing Over | Exchange of DNA between non-sister chromatids during Prophase I of meiosis |
| Independent Assortment | Random alignment of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I |
| Fertilization | Random union of gametes increasing variation |
| Allele Frequency (p, q) | Proportion of each allele in population |
| Genotype Frequency | Proportion of each genotype in population |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | Null model where allele frequencies remain constant across generations |
| Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions | Conditions required for no evolution |
| Violation of HW Assumptions | When allele frequencies change, evolution is occurring |
| Gene Flow | Movement of alleles between populations via migration |
| Genetic Drift | Random change in allele frequencies due to chance, strongest in small populations |
| Founder Effect | Genetic drift when small group establishes new population |
| Bottleneck Effect | Reduction in population size altering allele frequencies |
| Natural Selection | Mechanism where individuals with higher fitness leave more offspring |
| Adaptive Evolution | Increased frequency of traits that enhance survival or reproduction |
| Directional Selection | Favours one extreme phenotype |
| Stabilizing Selection | Favours intermediate phenotype |
| Disruptive Selection | Favours both extremes over intermediate |
| Balancing Selection | Maintains two or more phenotypes in stable proportions |
| Heterozygote Advantage | Heterozygous genotype has higher fitness |
| Frequency-Dependent Selection | Fitness depends on phenotype frequency in population |
| Diploidy | Recessive alleles hidden in heterozygotes |
| Nonrandom Mating | Mating pattern that alters genotype frequencies but not allele frequencies |
| Inbreeding Coefficient (F) | Measure of degree of inbreeding affecting genotype proportions |
| Heterozygosity (H) | Measure of genetic diversity at a locus |
| Average Heterozygosity (Have) | Mean heterozygosity across many loci |
| Allelic Diversity (A) | Average number of alleles per locus |
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