Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biol 101
| Seven properties of life | order, self-reproduction, growth and development, response to environment, energy processing, homeostasis, evolutionary adaption |
| three parts of cell theory | all organisms are made of cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells |
| three domains of life | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| kingdoms of life | bacterial, archaeal, protist, plantae, Fungi, Animalia |
| Bacteria domain | bacterial kingdom, unicellular, Prokaryotic (no nucleus) |
| Archaea domain | Archaeal Kingdoms, unicellular, Prokaryotic |
| Eukaryotic domain | Protista (uni or multicellular), Plante, Fungi, Animalia, (multicellular), Eukaryotic (has nucleus) |
| levels of biological organization (small to large) | molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere (each level is builds from the level below it, complexity increases upward) |
| Science | evidence based way of understanding nature, uses observations and experiments to produce tentative knowledge |
| hypothesis | a testable potential explanation, and falsifiable |
| scientific theory | well-supported explanatory framework backed by large amounts of evidence |
| structure of controlled experiment | control group, experimental group, one variable changed, see effect of the treatment |
| control group | no change (baseline) |
| experimental group | receives treatments |
| testable | can be checked with experiments or observations |
| falsifiable | could be proven wrong |
| Independent variable | what the researcher changes (x axis) |
| Dependent Variable | what the researchers measures/observes (y-axis) |
| controlled variables | factors kept the same |
| living organisms are made up of what? | matter |
| matter is composed of what? | chemical elements |
| how many elements are essential for humans | 25 elements |
| which elements make up what percent of the human body | 4 O C H N, 96% |
| cells are what % water? | 70% |
| what element is a major component of organic molecules? | carbon |
| What trace elements are needed in small amounts to prevent disease? | iron iodine zinc |
| chemical bonds | sharing (covalent), gaining, or losing electrons(ionic) |
| structure of an atom | nucleus has protons and neutrons, electrons exist in shells, outer shell can hold up to 8, atoms with incomplete shells tend to form bonds |
| covalent bonds | share electrons |
| nonpolar | electrons shared equally |
| polar | unequal sharing, electrons pulled toward more electronegative atom |
| ionic | electrons transferred, creates charged ions, opposite charges attract |
| hydrogen bonds | weak attrition between polar molecules, H between and O |
| chemical reactions | break old bonds and form new ones, changes composition of matter non is created or destroyed |
| properties of water | life supporting |
| cohesion | water molecules stick to each other |
| adhesion | water sticks to other substances |
| moderates temperature | heat absorbed/released when H bonds break/form |
| Evaporating cooling | helps regulate body temperature |
| Ice floats | solid water is less dense than liquid |
| excellent solvent | dissolves polar or charged substances |
| pH scale | measures acidity/basicity, logarithmic |
| pH 7 | neutral |
| low pH | acidic |
| High pH | basic |
| buffers | minimize changes in pH |
| water can split to | H and OH |
| How rising CO2 levels affect coral reefs? | CO2 reacts with water makes carbonic acid, lowers Ph which harms coral made of calcium carbonate |
| importance of carbon to molecular diversity | carbon can bond with 4 other atoms, organic molecules contain c-c or c-h covalent bonds, carbon chains form the back bone of organic molecules, carbon atoms form chains, branches, and rings, carbon skeletons vary in length arrangement |
| 4 biological macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| carbohydrates | monosaccharides, energy by carbohydrates -> Glucose -> Glycolysis |
| lipids | energy by ->glycerol + fatty acids, hydrophobic molecules made mostly of C & H, triglycerides, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, phospholipids, steroids |
| proteins | energy from protein-> amino acids, polymers of amino acids, amino groups and carboxyl group help form peptide bonds formed by dehydration, four levels of structure |
| nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| dehydration reaction | links monomers together to form polymers, produces water, forms bonds |
| hydrolysis | uses water to break bonds, breaks polymers into monomers |
| monosaccharides | single sugar molecules (monomers), building blocks of carbohydrates ex glucose, fructose |
| disaccharides | two monosaccharides joined by dehydration ex sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| polysaccharides | long chains of sugars, starch & glycogen for storage, cellulose for structural (plant cell wall) |
| triglycerides (lipids) | glycerol + 3 fatty acids, used for energy storage |
| saturated fats (lipids) | maximum hydrogen, solid at room temperature |
| unsaturated fats (lipids) | one or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature (olive oil, seed oils) |
| phospholipids (lipids) | components of cell membranes, form phospholipid bilayers |
| steroids (lipids) | include cholesterol and hormones, cholesterol is part of membranes and precursor to other steroids |
| protein can have four levels of strucutre | primary- amino acid sequence, secondary- alpha helices & beta sheets(Hbonds), tertiary-overall 3-D shape, Quaternary- multiple ploy peptides |
| protein functions | enzymes, transport, defense (antibodies), Signals (hormones), receptors, muscle contraction, structural support; shape determines function |
| denature proteins | destroys shape and function |
| nucleic acid | DNA and RNA, made of nucleotides |
| nucleotide | phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base |
| DNA | double helix (two polynucleotide chains), contains genetic information, passed to offspring, provides the blueprint for proteins and controls cell life |
| RNA | single chain, helps make proteins |
| gene expression | DNA to RNA to Protein |
| microscopes | allow scientist to see cells and cell structure that cannot be seen with the unaided eye, light-display living cells and large cell component in micrometers, electron-reveal small cell structure in nanometers due to greater magnification and resolution |
| prokaryotic | cells do not have membrane-bound structures; cytosol, DNA, Ribosomes, Plasma membrane |
| eukaryotic | cells have organelles, including nucleus; cytosol, DNA, Ribosomes, Plasma membrane |
| plant cells | chloroplast, cell wall, plasmodesmata, central vacule; mitochondria (cell respiration) ER, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleus, cytoskeleton, plasma membrane |
| animal cells | lysosomes, extracellular matrix, tight junctions, anchoring junctions, gap junctions; mitochondria (cell respiration) ER, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleus, cytoskeleton, plasma membrane |
| mitochondria | carry out cellular respiration and convert chemical energy from food into ATP. They have two internal compartments and contain their own DNA and ribosomes. |
| chloroplasts | convert light energy into chemical energy in glucose through photosynthesis. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll that traps light energy. |
| rigid cell wall | projection & skeletal support |
| plasmodesmata | sharing water nourishment and chemical messages |
| large central vacuole | storing water, nutrients and waste |
| Endosymbiotic theory | mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells. Both replicate independently and have their own DNA and ribosomes. The first endosymbiotic event produced mitochondria, & the second produced chloroplasts |
| cilia | locomotor appendages made of microtubules, shorter and move like the oars of a boat |
| flagella | locomotor appendages made of microtubules, longer and move cells with a whiplike motion |
| microfilaments | thinnest, muscle contraction, cell shape, motility |
| intermediate filaments | medium, structural support, anchoring organelles |
| microtubules | thickest intercellular transport, chromosome movement |
| extracellular matrix | made and secreted by animal cells, binds tissue cells together, supports the plasma membrane, and communicates with the cytoskeleton. Collagen is the major structural glycoprotein, and the ECM attaches to cells through other glycoproteins and integrins. |
| tight junctions | bind cells to form leakproof sheet |
| anchoring junctions | rivet cells into strong tissues |
| gap junctions | allow ions and small molecules to flow from cell to cell |
| Plant cell walls | protect cells, provide skeletal support, help keep plants upright, and are primarily composed of cellulose |
| Plasmodesmata | allow plant tissues to share water, nourishment, and chemical messages. |
| four functional categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells | gene expression, Manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown, energy processing, Structural support, movement, and intercellular communication |
| Gene expression | nucleus and ribosomes |
| Manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown | endomembrane system and peroxisomes |
| Energy processing | mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| Structural support, movement, and intercellular communication | cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, plant cell wall, and flagella/cilia |
| Cell size | limited by surface area to volume ratio. Higher SA/V reduces the travel distance for molecules moving in and out of the cell and leads to greater efficiency in transporting nutrients, waste, signals, and heat |
| plasma membrane | described by the fluid mosaic model, a diverse membrane proteins suspended in a fluid phospholipid bilayer, has hydrophilic heads & hydrophobic tails, plasma membrane has selective permeability, Proteins in the plasma membrane, perform various functions |
| Membrane proteins | transport proteins, may act as enzymes that carry out sequential reactions, Serve as receptor proteins, act as attachment proteins, junction proteins, Glycoproteins serve as molecular ID tags recognized by other cells |
| transport proteins | Allow specific ions or molecules to enter or exit the cell, Polar or charged substances pass through |
| receptor proteins | bind signaling molecules and relay messages inside the cell |
| attachment proteins (integrins) | that link the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton and provide structural stability |
| junction proteins | that attach adjacent cells |
| Diffusion | tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space (from high to low of that substance) |
| passive transport | Diffusion across a cell membrane does not require energy |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to water) from low solute to high solute |
| hypertonic solution | higher solute levels |
| hypotonic solution | lower solute levels |
| isotonic solution | equal solute levels |
| Tonicity | the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
| facilitated diffusion | which does not require energy and relies on the concentration gradient |
| Aquaporins | channel transport proteins that allow water to cross |
| Exocytosis | exports bulky molecules such as proteins or polysaccharides outside the cell. |
| Endocytosis | reverse of exocytosis, moving small and large molecules into the cell |
| Phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis where the plasma membrane wraps around large particles, forming a vacuole |
| Enzymes | protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy needed to begin a reaction, transport, defense |
| Competitive inhibitors | compete with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site |
| Noncompetitive inhibitors | alter enzyme function by changing the enzyme’s shape |
| endomembrane system | Gogi apparatus, vesicle, both ER, lynsosomes |
| Smooth ER | makes lipids |
| rough ER | has ribosomes attached makes proteins |
| redox reactions used in cellular respiration | oxidation (oil, loss) reduction (rig, gain), glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced to water, Electrons are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH |
| what bonds hold water together | polar covalent bonds |
| photosynthesis | in chloroplast, uses CO₂ + H₂O + energy (sunlight), produces C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + O₂, captures 1% of sun energy |
| cellular respiration | in cytosol (glycolysis) and mitochondria, uses C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂, produces CO₂ + H₂O + ~32 ATP, converts 34% of glucose energy into ATP & 66% released as heat |
| how are photosynthesis and cellular respiration complementary processes | Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose, and cellular respiration releases that energy to make ATP. |
| breathing (respiration) | exchange of gases (02 in CO2 out) |
| Cellular respiration | oxygen-requiring process inside cells that harvests energy from food to make ATP, about 32 ATP |
| chemical equation for cellular respiration | C_6 H_12 O_6+6O_2→6CO_2+6H_2 O+32ATP |
| how does the human body use ATP | body maintenance, voluntary activities, cellular work |
| oxidative phosphorylation | |
| How ATP functions as transporting energy | ATP → ADP + P + energy, ATP stores energy in its phosphate bonds, phosphate is removed (hydrolysis) energy released, this energy powers cellular processes, ADP recycled back into ATP |
| how the energy in a glucose molecule is released during cellular respiration | redox reactions, electrons are removed from glucose (oxidation), electrons "fall" to oxygen through the electron transport chain, Energy released is used to make ATP |
| Dehydrogenase | removes hydrogen (and electrons) from fuel molecules |
| NAD+ | accepts electrons -> becomes NADH |
| NADH | carries electrons to the electron transport chain |
| Electron transport chain (ETC) | Electrons pass from carrier to carrier, energy released pumps H+ into the intermembrane space, Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forms water (H₂O) |
| three stages of cellular respiration | stage 1: Glycolysis, Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation & Citric Acid Cycle, Stage 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| Glycolysis | location: cytosol, glucose-> 2 Pyruvate, produces: 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 NADH, does NOT require 02 |
| Pyruvate Oxidation & Citric Acid Cycle | location: Mitochondria, Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA, Produces: CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation), citric acid cycle run twice per glucose |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | location: inner mitochondrial membrane, includes: electron transport chain & chemiosmosis, NADH & FADH2 donate electrons, Oxygen becomes reduce to H2O, Produces about 28 ATP, makes most of the ATP (~32 total per glucose) |
| alcohol | Pyruvate → CO₂ + Ethanol, Occurs in yeast & some bacteria, Occur without O₂ (anaerobic), Use glycolysis, Produce 2 ATP per glucose, Regenerate NAD+ |
| lactic acid fermentation | Pyruvate → Lactate, Occurs in muscle cells Occur without O₂ (anaerobic), Use glycolysis, Produce 2 ATP per glucose, Regenerate NAD+ |
| pyruvate | |
| Acetyl CoA | fats or proteins |
| Citric Acid Cycle | fat or proteins |
| fats or sugar have more calories | fats contain twice as much |
| food provides | raw materials for biosynthesis, intermediates from cellular respiration, ATP to drive biosynthesis |
| animals store most energy reserves as what? | Fats |
| autotrophs | producers of food consumed by heterotrophic organisms |
| Producers | organisms that make organic molecules from inorganic sources |
| Heterotrophs | consumer that feed on plants, animals, or decompose organic material |
| Photoautotrophs | organisms (plants, algae, some protists & bacteria) that use light energy to make sugars |
| obligate aerobes | organisms that require oxygen |
| facultative aerobes | organisms that can survive with or without oxygen |
| chemical Equation for Photosynthesis | 6CO_2+6H_2 O+Energy→C_6 H_12 O_6+6O_2 |
| light reactions | location: Thylakoid membranes, Reactants: light, H₂O, ADP + P, NADP⁺, Products: ATP, NADPH, O₂ |
| light reaction process | Water is split → releases O₂, Electrons move from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, Electron transport chain pumps H⁺ into thylakoid space, NADP⁺ is reduced to NADPH, Chemiosmosis drives ATP synthesis (photophosphorylation). |
| Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions) | Location: Stroma, Reactants: CO₂, ATP, NADPH, Products: G3P (used to make glucose) |
| Calvin Cycle process (Light-Independent Reactions) | 1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction 3. Release of G3P 4. Regeneration of RuBP |
| Calvin Cycle uses | Carbon from CO₂, Electrons from NADPH, Energy from ATP |
| properties & functions of pigments | Pigments absorb certain wavelengths of visible light, Chlorophyll is a light-absorbing pigment in thylakoids, Green light is least effective because it is mostly reflected & transmitted, Pigments capture solar energy to drive photosynthesis |
| how photosystems capture solar energy | Located in thylakoid membranes has Light-harvesting complexes & Reaction-center complex, Light excites electrons in chlorophyll a, Primary electron acceptor captures excited electrons, Energy is transferred through pigment molecules |
| Electron Transport Chain | Electrons move from Photosystem II → Photosystem I, Energy released pumps H⁺ into thylakoid space, NADP⁺ is reduced to NADPH. |
| Chemiosmosis | H⁺ gradient forms inside thylakoid space, H⁺ flows through ATP synthase back into stroma, ADP + P → ATP (photophosphorylation). |
| Oxygen Production | Water is split in Photosystem II, O₂ is released as a byproduct. |
| C3 Plants | Most common, Calvin cycle directly fixes CO₂, In hot, dry conditions: Stomata close, CO₂ drops, O₂ rises, Photorespiration occurs (RuBisCO uses O₂ instead of CO₂), Less sugar produced, Example: Wheat |
| C4 Plants | Fix CO₂ into four-carbon compounds during daytime, These compounds supply CO₂ to the Calvin cycle, More efficient in hot, dry climates, Example: Corn |
| CAM Plants | Fix CO₂ at night into four-carbon compounds, Stomata open at night, closed during day, Reduces water loss, Example: Agave |
| greenhouse effect | Sunlight warms Earth, Earth radiates heat to atmosphere, CO₂ and other greenhouse gases absorb and radiate some heat back, This keeps Earth warm enough for life. |
| how reducing fossil fuel use & deforestation may moderate climate change | Fossil fuels increase atmospheric CO₂, Plants can partially offset fossil fuel burning if forests are not destroyed |
| climate change | Ice/snow melt, Rising ocean levels, Increased atmospheric CO₂ |
Created by:
Lworzalla123
Popular Biology sets