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2.1.5 diabetes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| osmosis | the movement of water across a cell membrane from an area with more water to an area with less water. |
| hypertonic | a solution has more dissolved particles than a cell, causing water to move out of the cell. |
| hypotonic | a solution has fewer dissolved particles than a cell, causing water to move into the cell. |
| isotonic | a solution has the same amount of dissolved particles as a cell, so water moves in and out evenly. |
| diffusion | the movement of particles from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. |
| concentration gradient | the difference in how much of a substance is in one area compared to another, which causes particles to move from high to low concentration. |
| telemedicine / telehealth | when the doctors and nurses use technology to check on patients, give medical advice, and provide care without being in the same place. |
| hormones | chemical messengers in the body that travel through the bloodstream and tell organs and tissues what to do, like controlling growth, mood, and metabolism. |
| metabolism | al the chemical reactions in the body that turn food into energy and materials the body needs to grow, repair itself, and stay alive. |
| cellular respiration equation | shows how cells turn into glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water. glucose + oxygen -> energy (ATP) + carbon dioxide + water |
| reactants | the starting substances in a chemical reaction that change into new substances during the reaction. |
| products | the new substances that are made after a chemical reaction happens. |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | the main energy molecule in cells that powers everything your body does. |
| diabetes mellitus | a disease where the body cant properly control blood sugar. |
| type 1 diabetes | a disease where the bodys immune system attacks the pancreas, stopping it from making insulin, so blood sugar stays too high. |
| type 2 diabetes | a disease where the body cant use insulin properly or doesnt make enough, causing blood sugar to stay too high |
| gestational diabetes | high blood sugar that develops during the pregnancy and usually goes away after the baby is born |
| hyperglycemia | when there is too much sugar (glucose) in the blood. |
| hypoglycemia | when there is not enough sugar (glucose) in the blood. |
| autoimmune disorder | when the bodys immune system attacks its own healthy cells by mistake. |
| organic macromolecules / biomolecules | large, carbon based molecules in the body - like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids - that are essential for life. |
| carbohydrates | nutrients made of sugars and startches that give the body quick energy. |
| proteins | macromolecules made of amino acids that help build and repair the cells, tissues, and organs in the body. |
| lipids | fats and oils in the body that store energy, make cell membranes, and protect organs. |
| nucleic acids | molecules like dna and rna that store, and carry genetic information in cells. |
| insulin | a hormone made by the pancreas that helps the body use sugar (glucose) for energy and lowers blood sugar levels |
| glucose | a type of sugar in the blood that the body uses as its main source of energy. |
| glucagon | a hormone made by the pancreas that raises blood sugar by telling the liver to release stored glucose. |
| negative feedback loop | a process where the body detects a change and works to reverse it to keep things like temperature or blood sugar stable. |
| positive feedback loop | a process where the body increases a change instead of reversing it, like during childbirth when contractions get stronger. |
| blood glucose meter (glucometer) | a device that measures the amount of sugar (glucose) in a small drop of blood. |
| continuous glucose monitor (CGM) | a device that keeps track of blood sugar levels all day and night without needing finger prick tests |
| insulin pump | a device that delivers insulin continuously to help control blood sugar in people with diabetes. |
| pancreas | an organ that makes insulin and other hormones to help control blood sugar and produces digestive enzymes for breaking down food. |
| alpha cells | cells in the pancreas that make glucagon, a hormone that raises blood sugar. |
| beta cells | cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, a hormone that lowers blood sugar. |
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