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Lab 2 Exam Review
The Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels and Physiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Why are blood vessels considered a dynamic system? | They pulsate, constrict, relax, and multiply — they are not static. |
| Arteries carry blood in which direction? | Away from the heart. |
| Veins carry blood in which direction? | Toward the heart. |
| What are capillaries? | Exchange vessels between blood and body tissues. |
| What are the three layers of arteries and veins? | Tunica interna (intima), tunica media, tunica externa (adventitia). |
| What is the lumen? | The central blood-containing space of a vessel. |
| What are capillaries made of? | One layer of endothelium with a sparse basal lamina. |
| Why are artery walls thicker than veins? | Why are artery walls thicker than veins? |
| Why must arteries expand and recoil? | Expand during systole; recoil during diastole to maintain blood flow. |
| What are elastic arteries? | Large arteries with lots of elastic tissue; pressure reservoirs. |
| What are muscular arteries? | Distributing arteries that deliver blood to organs. |
| What are arterioles? | Smallest arteries; resistance vessels that control flow into capillary beds |
| Why are veins thinner-walled than arteries? | They are not exposed to major pressure fluctuations. |
| How do vein lumens compare to arteries? | Veins have larger lumens. |
| What are venules? | Smallest veins; very porous like capillaries |
| Why do large veins have valves? | To prevent backflow of blood. |
| How do skeletal muscles help veins? | They “milk” veins to push blood toward the heart. |
| How does breathing help venous return? | Thoracic pressure changes push blood toward the heart. |
| Why are capillaries only one cell layer thick? | To allow easy exchange of gases and nutrients. |
| What are the three types of capillaries? | Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid. |
| What are arterial anastomoses? | Alternate pathways (collateral channels) for blood flow. |
| Where are arterial anastomoses common? | Joints, abdominal organs, brain, heart. |
| What is a vascular shunt? | An arteriovenous anastomosis. |
| Are venous anastomoses common? | Yes. |
| Blood flows from ____ to ____ pressure. | High to low pressure. |
| What does F = ΔP / TPR mean? | Flow equals pressure difference divided by total peripheral resistance. |
| What is resistance mainly determined by? | Vessel diameter (most important), viscosity, vessel length. |
| What is Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)? | Resistance in systemic circulation away from the heart. |
| What is pressure measured in? | mm Hg. |
| What is cardiac output (CO)? | Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute. |
| What is systole? | Contraction |
| What is diastole? | Relaxation. |
| How long is one cardiac cycle at 75 bpm? | About 0.8 seconds. |
| How long is the atrial contraction? | 0.1 sec. |
| How long is ventricular contraction? | 0.3 sec. |
| How long is ventricular relaxation (quiescent period)? | 0.4 sec. |
| What happens to the AV valves at the start of ventricular systole? | They close. |
| What causes the dicrotic notch? | Aortic semilunar valve closure and elastic recoil of aorta. |
| What is S1 (Lub)? | Closure of AV valves at beginning of systole. |
| What is S2 (Dub)? | Closure of semilunar valves at end of systole. |
| What do murmurs usually indicate? | Valve problems. |
| What is pulse? | Expansion and recoil of an artery. |
| What is pulse pressure? | Systolic − diastolic pressure. |
| What two things determine blood pressure? | Force of blood ejected by heart + arterial elastic recoil. |
| What is systolic pressure? | Pressure during ventricular contraction. |
| hat is diastolic pressure? | Lowest pressure before next contraction. |
| What does blood pressure specifically refer to? | Arterial pressure. |
| What is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)? | Pressure that propels blood to tissues. |
| What instrument measures blood pressure? | Sphygmomanometer. |
| What are Korotkoff sounds? | Sounds heard when cuff pressure equals systolic pressure. |
| When do Korotkoff sounds stop? | When cuff pressure equals diastolic pressure. |
| Tight cuff with no sounds means? | No blood flow. |
| What is the liver’s role in blood nutrient regulation? | Maintains proper sugar, fatty acid, and amino acid levels. |
| What do hepatocytes do? | Detoxify alcohol and harmful chemicals. |
| What do liver macrophages do? | Remove bacteria and debris. |
| Where does blood from digestive organs go first? | To the liver via hepatic portal circulation. |
| Where does blood leave the liver? | Hepatic veins → inferior vena cava. |
Created by:
mdonovan8742
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