Question 1

living thing

Accepted Answer

anything that can
move, respire, sense, grow,
reproduce, maintain equilibrium,
excrete waste, and take up
nutrients

Question 2

All living things must possess all of the following eight qualities:

Accepted Answer

1Movement
2 Respiration
3Sensitivity
4 Growth
5 Reproduction 
6 Equilibrium (homeostasis)
7 Excretion 
8 Nutrition

Question 3

cell theory

Accepted Answer

the idea that all living
things are made of cells, cells are
the smallest functional unit of
living things, and all cells come
from pre-existing cells

Question 4

prokaryotes

Accepted Answer

a group of
single-celled organisms with no
nucleus and a circular loop of
DNA. Bacteria and archaea are
both prokaryotic

Question 5

eukaryotes

Accepted Answer

a group of single and
multi-celled organisms with a
nucleus and linear strands of DNA.
Animals, plants, fungi, and protists
are eukaryotic

Question 6

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain

Accepted Answer

a plasma membrane, cytosol,
ribosomes, and DNA.

Question 7

Cell replication eukaryotic

Accepted Answer

somatic cells
usually duplicate through mitosis, and eukaryotic germline cells split into four individual
gametes through meiosis

Question 8

cell replication prokaryotic

Accepted Answer

replicate via a simpler process
known as binary fission

Question 9

three domains

Accepted Answer

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Question 10

Archaea and Bacteria

Accepted Answer

both prokaryotic domains

Question 11

Eukarya

Accepted Answer

eukaryotic and divided into four kingdoms to further differentiate organisms. These are:
Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista.

Question 12

organelle

Accepted Answer

a cellular structure
that performs specific functions, work together to increase the
efficiency of the cell

Question 13

cytosol

Accepted Answer

the aqueous fluid that
surrounds the organelles inside
a cell,  contains
the dissolved salts, nutrients, and molecules necessary for cell function

Question 14

cytoplasm

Accepted Answer

the cytosol and
organelles inside the plasma
membrane, excluding the nucleus

Question 15

Nucleus

Accepted Answer

The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane. Its role is to protect
and confine the genetic information (DNA) of the cell.

Question 16

Ribosomes

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are tiny structures made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and
proteins,either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached
to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes assemble the building
blocks to make proteins. not membrane bound

Question 17

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER)

Accepted Answer

A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are
coated with ribosomes. This allows the rough endoplasmic reticulum
to synthesise and modify proteins. The rough endoplasmic reticulum
typically surrounds, or is close to, the nucleus.

Question 18

Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (SER)

Accepted Answer

A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are
not coated with ribosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is
responsible for the production of lipids in a cell.

Question 19

Golgi apparatus

Accepted Answer

Stacked flattened sacs that are the sites of protein sorting, packaging, and
modification for use in the cell or export. Protein-filled vesicles often fuse
with or bud off from the Golgi apparatus.

Question 20

Lysosome

Accepted Answer

A membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. It is
responsible for breaking down cell waste and toxins, acting like a
garbage disposal

Question 21

Mitochondria

Accepted Answer

An organelle with a highly folded inner membrane. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular
respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP required to power
cellular processes. They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

Question 22

Chloroplast

Accepted Answer

A double membrane-bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled
sacs that are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts also contain their
own DNA and ribosomes

Question 23

Vacuole

Accepted Answer

A membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage.
Vacuoles can also play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.

Question 24

Cell wall

Accepted Answer

A sturdy border outside the plasma membrane that provides strength
and structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.

Question 25

Vesicle

Accepted Answer

A small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances into or out of a
cell, or stores substances within a cell.

Question 26

Cytoskeleton

Accepted Answer

A large network of protein filaments that start at the nucleus and reach
out to the plasma membrane. The cytoskeleton is critical for maintaining
shape and transporting vesicles around the cell.

Question 27

Cellular respiration

Accepted Answer

the cell’s primary method of producing energy. It breaks down the
simple carbohydrate known as glucose to produce energy.

Question 28

photosynthesis

Accepted Answer

the process of
converting light energy, carbon
dioxide, and water into glucose
and oxygen

Question 29

chlorophyll

Accepted Answer

a green pigment found
in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. It
is responsible for absorbing light
energy in photosynthesis

Question 30

difference between planta nd animal cells

Accepted Answer

A cell wall is
present in plant cells but not
animal cells,Chloroplasts are present in plant
cells but not animal cells, Vacuoles in animal cells are small
and there can be many or none,
whereas plant cells tend to have
one large vacuole.

Question 31

The benefits of having small cells are:

Accepted Answer

1 The exchange of materials with the extracellular environment can occur efficiently and effectively due
to a high surface area to volume ratio. 
2 Distances to travel within the cell are smaller, so the intracellular transport of
molecules is faster.

Question 32

high Surface area to volume ratio

Accepted Answer

A greater surface area and smaller volume, or high SA:V, can help a cell exchange materials
efficiently with the environment

Question 33

Volume

Accepted Answer

the amount of space
inside an object. Measured in
(units of length)3
 (i.e. mm3
,
cm3
, m3
)

Question 34

Surface area

Accepted Answer

the sum of the
area of all exposed sides of
a three-dimensional shape.
Measured in (units of length)2
(i.e. mm2
, cm2
, m2
)

Question 35

surface area : volume ratio
(SA:V)

Accepted Answer

a comparison of the
amount of surface area per unit of
volume. In Biology, SA:V influences
temperature regulation, and a
high SA:V leads to more effective
transport into and out of cells

Question 36

Why are cells so small?

Accepted Answer

Cells are small to allow them to maximise their surface area to volume
ratio which increases the efficiency and speed of transport in and out
of a cell. To increase the SA:V, either decrease the size or change the shape to make it flatter
and wider.

Biology Chapter 2

2A, 2B, 2C

Question	Answer
living thing	anything that can move, respire, sense, grow, reproduce, maintain equilibrium, excrete waste, and take up nutrients
All living things must possess all of the following eight qualities:	1Movement 2 Respiration 3Sensitivity 4 Growth 5 Reproduction 6 Equilibrium (homeostasis) 7 Excretion 8 Nutrition
cell theory	the idea that all living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest functional unit of living things, and all cells come from pre-existing cells
prokaryotes	a group of single-celled organisms with no nucleus and a circular loop of DNA. Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotic
eukaryotes	a group of single and multi-celled organisms with a nucleus and linear strands of DNA. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain	a plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and DNA.
Cell replication eukaryotic	somatic cells usually duplicate through mitosis, and eukaryotic germline cells split into four individual gametes through meiosis
cell replication prokaryotic	replicate via a simpler process known as binary fission
three domains	Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Archaea and Bacteria	both prokaryotic domains
Eukarya	eukaryotic and divided into four kingdoms to further differentiate organisms. These are: Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista.
organelle	a cellular structure that performs specific functions, work together to increase the efficiency of the cell
cytosol	the aqueous fluid that surrounds the organelles inside a cell, contains the dissolved salts, nutrients, and molecules necessary for cell function
cytoplasm	the cytosol and organelles inside the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus
Nucleus	The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane. Its role is to protect and confine the genetic information (DNA) of the cell.
Ribosomes	Ribosomes are tiny structures made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins,either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes assemble the building blocks to make proteins. not membrane bound
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)	A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are coated with ribosomes. This allows the rough endoplasmic reticulum to synthesise and modify proteins. The rough endoplasmic reticulum typically surrounds, or is close to, the nucleus.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)	A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are not coated with ribosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the production of lipids in a cell.
Golgi apparatus	Stacked flattened sacs that are the sites of protein sorting, packaging, and modification for use in the cell or export. Protein-filled vesicles often fuse with or bud off from the Golgi apparatus.
Lysosome	A membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. It is responsible for breaking down cell waste and toxins, acting like a garbage disposal
Mitochondria	An organelle with a highly folded inner membrane. Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP required to power cellular processes. They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
Chloroplast	A double membrane-bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled sacs that are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts also contain their own DNA and ribosomes
Vacuole	A membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage. Vacuoles can also play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.
Cell wall	A sturdy border outside the plasma membrane that provides strength and structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.
Vesicle	A small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances into or out of a cell, or stores substances within a cell.
Cytoskeleton	A large network of protein filaments that start at the nucleus and reach out to the plasma membrane. The cytoskeleton is critical for maintaining shape and transporting vesicles around the cell.
Cellular respiration	the cell’s primary method of producing energy. It breaks down the simple carbohydrate known as glucose to produce energy.
photosynthesis	the process of converting light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen
chlorophyll	a green pigment found in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. It is responsible for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis
difference between planta nd animal cells	A cell wall is present in plant cells but not animal cells,Chloroplasts are present in plant cells but not animal cells, Vacuoles in animal cells are small and there can be many or none, whereas plant cells tend to have one large vacuole.
The benefits of having small cells are:	1 The exchange of materials with the extracellular environment can occur efficiently and effectively due to a high surface area to volume ratio. 2 Distances to travel within the cell are smaller, so the intracellular transport of molecules is faster.
high Surface area to volume ratio	A greater surface area and smaller volume, or high SA:V, can help a cell exchange materials efficiently with the environment
Volume	the amount of space inside an object. Measured in (units of length)3 (i.e. mm3 , cm3 , m3 )
Surface area	the sum of the area of all exposed sides of a three-dimensional shape. Measured in (units of length)2 (i.e. mm2 , cm2 , m2 )
surface area : volume ratio (SA:V)	a comparison of the amount of surface area per unit of volume. In Biology, SA:V influences temperature regulation, and a high SA:V leads to more effective transport into and out of cells
Why are cells so small?	Cells are small to allow them to maximise their surface area to volume ratio which increases the efficiency and speed of transport in and out of a cell. To increase the SA:V, either decrease the size or change the shape to make it flatter and wider.

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