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exam study

cellular metabolism

QuestionAnswer
What is cellular respiration? The oxidation of food to obtain energy is called cellular respiration.
What is oxidation? Oxidation: a chemical process in which atoms lose electrons (involves the use of oxygen).
What is ATP? ATP is the primary energy molecule in all cells. It is the cells energy currency.
What does ATP stand for and what is it composed of? ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
What is oxidation and reduction? Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons. Loss of Electrons is Oxidation. Gain of Electrons is Reduction.
What are the caloric values of macromolecules? 1 gram of carbohydrate = 4 calories 1 gram of protein = 4 calories 1 gram of fat = 9 calories 1 gram of alcohol = 7 calories
What is the aerobic respiration equation? C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ --> 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP (glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy)
What are the two stages of cellular respiration? Cellular respiration takes place in two stages. Glycolysis (splitting of Glucose) Krebs cycle (3 steps)
Where does glycolysis occur and does it require oxygen? Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. Does not require oxygen to generate ATP (but generates very few ATP – only 2).
What is glycolysis? Glycolysis is a sequence of chemical reactions that break one glucose molecule (six carbons) into two pyruvate molecules (three carbons).
How much ATP does glycolysis produce? Only four ATP are made for each molecule of glucose (but two ATP molecules are required to start the process).
What is phosphorylation? Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate to ADP.
What determines where molecules within the cell are directed? The availability of ATP in the cell determines where molecules within the cell are directed.
What happens if there is insufficient ATP? If there is insufficient ATP, these molecules head to the Krebs cycle to boost ATP supply.
What happens if there is plenty of ATP? If there is plenty of ATP, these molecules are diverted to fat synthesis for energy storage.
What are the steps of the Krebs cycle? The movement of the split glucose and oxygen into the mitochondria (this movement uses ATP). This is known as the Transition step and does NOT produce any ATP. The citric acid cycle which takes place within the mitochondrial matrix. .
What are the steps of the Krebs cycle? (continued) It starts by producing only 2 more ATP. The Electron transport chain takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane and produces the vast majority of ATP (up to 34 produced)
What is chemiosmosis? Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient.
How many ATP molecules are made from each glucose? Approximately 36 useable ATP molecules are made from each glucose (six carbons). 38 total can be made but some are used during the process of cellular respiration.
What happens in anaerobic respiration? In the absence of oxygen, organisms must rely exclusively on glycolysis to produce ATP.
What is fermentation? In a process called fermentation, the hydrogen atoms from the NADH generated by glycolysis are donated to organic molecules, and NAD⁺ is regenerated. With the recycling of NAD⁺, glycolysis is allowed to continue.
What happens in yeast fermentation? In yeasts (single-celled fungi), pyruvate is converted into acetaldehyde, which then accepts a hydrogen from NADH, producing NAD⁺ and ethanol.
What happens in animal fermentation? In animals, such as ourselves, pyruvate accepts a hydrogen atom from NADH, producing NAD⁺ and lactate (lactic acid).
What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is a process that captures and transforms light energy (from the sun) into chemical energy (stored in the bonds of chemical molecules).
Where do light-dependent and light-independent reactions occur? The light-dependent reactions: occur in the thylakoid membranes. The light-independent reactions: occur in the stroma.
Created by: oliviavanwort
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