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exam study
water and chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter & Elements: What is matter? | Anything that occupies space and has mass; exists as solid, liquid, or gas. |
| What is an element? | : A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions; 92 occur naturally. “ a substance that cannot be broken down… 92 chemical elements…” |
| What is a trace element? | An essential element needed only in very small amounts. |
| What is a compound? | A substance containing two or more elements (e.g., NaCl). |
| Atoms & Subatomic Particles: What is an atom? | The smallest unit of matter that retains properties of an element. |
| What is a proton? | A positively charged particle found in the nucleus. |
| What is an electron? | A negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus. |
| What is a neutron? | A neutral particle found in the nucleus. |
| What is the nucleus? | The atom’s central core containing protons and neutrons; also the genetic control center of eukaryotic cells. |
| Atomic Structure: What is the atomic number? | The number of protons in an atom. |
| What is mass? | The amount of material in an object. a measure of the amount of material |
| What is the mass number? | The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. |
| What are isotopes? | Variants of an atom with the same protons/electrons but different neutrons. |
| What is a radioactive isotope? | An isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, releasing particles and energy. |
| Chemical Bonds & Reactions: What is a chemical bond? | An attraction between atoms due to sharing outer‑shell electrons. |
| What is an ion? | A charged atom or molecule formed by gaining or losing electrons. |
| What is an ionic bond? | Attraction between oppositely charged ions; involves complete electron transfer. |
| What is a covalent bond? | A bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. |
| What is a molecule? | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
| What is a polar molecule? | A molecule with uneven charge distribution due to polar covalent bonds. |
| What are hydrogen bonds? | Weak bonds between a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative atom. |
| What is a chemical reaction? | A process involving making or breaking chemical bonds. |
| What are reactants? | Starting materials in a chemical reaction. |
| What are products? | Ending materials in a chemical reaction. |
| Heat, Temperature & Water Properties: What is heat? | Energy associated with movement of atoms and molecules. |
| What is temperature? | The intensity of heat; average speed of molecules. measures the intensity of heat… |
| What is evaporative cooling? | Cooling that occurs when water evaporates from a surface. body becomes cooler as water evaporates…” |
| Solutions & pH: What is a solution? | A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. |
| What is a solvent? | The dissolving agent. |
| What is a solute? | The substance being dissolved. |
| What is an aqueous solution? | A solution where water is the solvent. |
| What is an acid? | A substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration (releases H⁺) |
| What is a base? | A substance that decreases hydrogen ion concentration (accepts H⁺). |
| What is the pH scale? | A scale from 0–14 measuring acidity; 0 = acidic, 7 = neutral, 14 = basic. |
| What are buffers? | Substances that resist pH changes by accepting or donating H⁺. |
Created by:
oliviavanwort
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