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Bio 122

Vocabulary

TermDefinition
Evolution gradual process of change that has transformed life *change in population, not the individual*
natural selection primary mechanism of evolutionary change *causes allele frequencies to change and chooses the best adapted individuals*
Niche considered role/job that a species performs in nature *
Convergent Evolution process whereby organisms not related, independently evolve similar traits
adaptive radiation a common ancestor adapting quickly to different niches
gene flow transfer of alleles between populations (new mutations) *ex: bee hybridization*
genetic drift chance events that alter allele frequency (Pure Luck) *ex: red hair, green eyes*
bottleneck effect reduced population rebounds back up without genetic diversity *Eastern Elephants*
founder effect small group break off from larger population to create their own population. *new gene pool doesn't represent the original population*
random mating new combinations of genes
recombination events crossing over
mutations create new alleles
gradual change stepwise change
population-level change evolve as a population, not an individual
vestigial parts form of homology *appendix, goosebumps, wisdom teeth
embryology vertebrate embryos are similar at early stages of development *closely related organisms diverge at different stages*
population group of animals from the same species *composed of multiple alleles*
gene pool the collection of all the different genes within a population
variation the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population
microevolution a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations *ex: finches, population led to multiple species*
genetic variation differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences *ex: Dominant vs. Recessive*
gene variability quantified as the average percent of loci that are heterozygous *different forms of the same gene*
nucleotide variability variations result in little phenotypic variation *nucleotide variations occur within the introns*
introns interrupters
species a group of populations whose members can interbreed
interbreeding breeding outside of the species can produce infertile offspring
speciation process by which one species split into 2 new species *created diversity*
macroevolution broad pattern of evolution above the species level
reproductive isolation 1. impede members of 2 species from interbreeding
1 Prezygotic before the zygote formation *block fertilization from forming*
2 Postzygotic after zygote formation *block successful development*
Prezygotic Examples Habitat Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Gametic Isolation
Postzygotic Examples Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown
morphological species concept distinguishes a species by body shape
Domestication driven by human selections won't survive the wild
Evolution driven by natural selection survive just about anything
allopatric speciation populations are geographically isolated
sympatric speciation populations aren't geographically isolated
Polyploidy species originate from an accident during cell division
autopolyploid individual with more than 2 chromosome sets
allopolyploid fertile polyploid *new species*
Phylogeny traces the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
taxonomy how organisms are classified and named
binomial nomenclature genus and species
taxon taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy
sister taxa groups share an immediate ancestor NOT shared by another group
lineage diverges from all other members
homologies phenotypic and genotypic similarities due to shared ancestry
analogy similarity between organisms that is due to convergent evolution, rather than to shared ancestry
maximum parsimony simplest explanation with the fewest evolutionary events
Linnaean Classification K: Kingdom P: Phylum C: Class O: Order F: Family G: Genus S: Species
Created by: user-2003051
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