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Biology
Biology Heredity Unit test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Differentiation | When cells become specialized in structure and function; occurs when specific genes are turn on/off |
| Why are gametes haploid? | So zygotes have the normal diploid number (46) |
| Crossing over | homologous chromosomes exchange like DNA - leads to genetic variation |
| Why are body cells always diploid? | chromosomes are paired; half from mom/half from dad |
| Genetic makeup of a gamete | 1 chromosome from every pair plus 1 sex chromosome |
| 2 purple plants (dom) produce white (rec) offspring. What are parent genotypes? | Both parents Het |
| AA x Aa g Ratio? p Ratio? | g Ratio = 2:2:0 (HD:HT:HR) p Ratio = 4:0 (D:R) |
| Aa x Aa Chance of aa? | 1:4 or 25% |
| Purple flower crossed with white makes all purple. Why? | Ab, ab (USE F.O.I.L if needed) |
| Aabb gametes? | Ab, ab (USE F.O.I.L if needed) |
| Co-dominance | BOTH phenotypes show when heterozygous: (ex: Red AND Blue NOT purple) |
| Substitution mutation | Changes one base for another; can cause different amino acid |
| Transcribe DNA to RNA: (NO T's! U instead!) TAC-AAA-CGA-GTA | AUG-UUU-GCU-CAU |
| Translate RNA to amino acid sequence (USE CODON CHART) AUG-UUU-GCU-CAU | MET-PHE-ALA-HIS |
| How does the genetic code differ between organisms? | the sequence of bases is different |
| Why is DNA replication important? | It gives each new cell and exact copy of DNA |
| How do amino acid sequences show relationships? | Related organisms have more similarities in their amino acid sequences |
| REPLICATE the DNA: A G T A T C G A | RULE: A-T & C-G so: T C A T A G C T |
| Why does AB blood have both A and B antigens on the blood cells? | A & B alleles are Codominant: BOTH alleles are expressed. |
| Autosomal traits | affect genders equally; both male & female carriers possible |
| Sex-linked Traits | more common in males; males CANNOT be carriers |
| dominant traits | never skip a generation; every affected individual must have an affected parent |
| recessive traits | CARRIERS present (even if not shown) because these SKIP generations |
| Sex-linked male genotype | xAy OR XaY (males have only 1 x!) |
| Females with a sex-linked recessive trait | Must have affected father and at least a carrier mother |
| Males with a sex-linked recessive trait | Males inherited from mom; males MUST pass this allele on to any daughter |
| Female carrier (XAXa) and Normal male (XAY) What is the probability for all possible children? | daugther- cant be affected bc dad is normal; 50% chance of being carrier or normal son - 50% chance of being affected or normal |
| How are DNA fingerprints used? | Bands are compared for similarities |
| restriction enzymes | cut DNA; can be used to cut out good/bad genes |
| Cells/cell parts used in cloning | somatic cell nucleus (diploid) of organism to be cloned + empty egg |
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