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Biology

Cells

TermDefinition
cells basic unit of structure and function, smallest unit exhibiting life characteristics, can vary in size, have a high surface area to volume ratio
Robert Hooke 1st to discover dead cells
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1st to discover/describe living cells
Mathais Schleiden all plants are composed of cells
Theordor Schwann all animals are composed of cells
Rudolf Virchow cells com from pre-existing cells
cell theory all living organisms are composed of cels, cells are smallest living things, cells come from other exiting cells
prokaryotic: no nucleus or organelles eukaryotic: made of nucleus and organelles prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
eukaryotic organisms plants, animals, fungi, protista
prokaryotic organisms bacteria and archaea
nucleus contains DNA, proteins, and RNA; surrounded by double membrane Separates DNA from rest of cell, site of first step in protein synthesis; nucleolus produces ribosomal subunits
ribosome made up of RNA and protein; location of protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum membrane network studded with ribosomes (rough) or w/o ribosomes (smooth)
rough endoplasmic reticulum produces proteins destined for secretion from the cell
smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs and poisons
Golgi apparatus packages materials to be distributed; produces lysosomes
lysosomes contains digestive enzymes; digests or breaks down molecules
central vacuole produces turgor pressure; recycles cell contents, and contains pigments
peroxisome disposes of toxins, breaks down fatty acids
mitochondria powerhouse of the cell: releases energy from food by cellular respiration
chloroplast contains DNA and ribosomes; produces food (sugars) by photosynthesis
cytoskeleton network of protein filaments and tubules; transports organelles within cell, maintains cell shape, structural basis for flagella/cilia; connects adjacent cells
cell wall protects the cell; provides shape; connects adjacent cells
cell wall, plastids, large central vacuoles what are only in plant cells?
centrioles and lysosomes what are only in animal cells?
chloroplast, chromoplast, and leucoplast what are the 3 different types of plastids?
amyloplast stores starch
vacuoles allows food to enter, pumps excess water
centrioles organize microtubules into spindle fibers
cytosol liquid part of cytoplasm
cilia short w/ numerous extensions; aid in movement of cells and materials
flagella longer with fewer extensions; aid in movement of cells and materials
cell wall permeability pretty permeable
cell membrane permeability not permeable
cell membrane made of phospholipids and proteins; selectively permeable
diffusion moving of a substance from greater concentration to a lesser concentration
heat, concentration, faster in gas what factors influence diffusion rate?
osmosis diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane
osmotic pressure measure of tendency to take up water; dissolved substances contribute to this in a cell
hypertonic solution osmotic pressure is greater outside than inside; cell shrinks
isotonic solution cell stays the same; concentration is same inside and out
hypotonic solution outside concentration is less than inside; cell bursts
facilitated diffusion substance moves across membrane with assistance from transport proteins; no energy needed
active transport molecules/ions accumulate in cells; moving from a lesser concentration to a greater concentration; uses energy and proteins
phagocytosis "cell eating" the cells engulf large particles by extending their membrane around them and breaks the cells down
pinocytosis "cell drinking" cells engulf extra fluid and dissolved solutes by forming small vesticles; allows cells to intake nutrients, dissolved materials, and macromolecules
immune system defense example of phagocytosis
kidney function; intestinal nutrient absorption example of pinocytosis
Created by: auweb921
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